Chapter 10 Photosynthesis

Front 1

Photosynthesis

Back 1

Is the process that converts solar energy into chemical energy with chloroplasts

Front 2

Autotrophs

Back 2

Are “self feeders” that sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organisms

Front 3

Heterotrophs

Back 3

Obtain organic material from other organisms

Front 4

A chloroplast has an envelope of two membranes surrounding a dense fluid called the _____.

Back 4

Stroma

Front 5

Thylakoids

Back 5

Connected sacs in the chloroplast that compose a third membrane system

Front 6

Chlorophyll

Back 6

The pigment that gives their green color, resides in the thylakoid membranes

Front 7

6 Co2 + 12 H2O + Light energy —> C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O

Back 7

Reaction of photosynthesis

Front 8

Light reaction (in thylakoids) steps to convert to solar energy to chemical energy

Back 8

1.) Split H2O providing electrons and H+

2.) Release O2 as by-product

3.) Reduce the electron acceptor NADP+ to NADPH

4.) Generate ATP. From ADP by photophosphorylation using chemiosmosis

Front 9

Calvin cycle steps (in stroma)

Back 9

1.) Forms sugar from Co2, using ATP and NADPH

2.) The Calvin cycle begins with carbon fixation, incorporating Co2 into organic molecules

Front 10

Chlorophyll a

Back 10

The key light-capturing pigment

Front 11

Chlorophyll b

Back 11

An accessory pigment

Front 12

Carotenoids

Back 12

A separate group of accessory pigments

Front 13

Photo system

Back 13

Consists of a reaction-center complex surrounded by light harvesting complexes

Front 14

Reaction-center complex

Back 14

Is an association of proteins holding a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron acceptor

Front 15

Primary electron acceptor

Back 15

In the reaction center accepts excited electrons and is reduced as a result

Front 16

Linear electron flow

Back 16

The primary pathway, involves both photo systems and produces ATP and NADPH using light energy

Front 17

1st step to linear electron flow

Back 17

A photon hits a pigment in ps 11, and it’s energy is passed to a pigment molecules and it excites to p680

Front 18

2nd step in linear electron flow

Back 18

An excited electron from p680 is transferred to primary electron acceptor now is called P680

Front 19

3rd step in linear electron flow

Back 19

H2O is split by enzymes, and the electrons are transferred from hydrogen atoms to P680+. H+ are released into thylakoids space. O2 is released as by-product of this reaction

Front 20

4th step in linear flow

Back 20

Each electron falls down an electron transport chain from the primary electron of PS 2 and PS 1

Front 21

5th step in linear flow

Back 21

Potential energy stored in the proton gradient / drives the production of ATP by chemiosmosis

Front 22

6th step in linear flow

Back 22

In PS 1, transferred light energy excites P700, which loses an electron to the primary electron acceptor

Front 23

7th step in linear flow

Back 23

Each electron falls down an electron transport chain from the primary electron acceptor of PS1 to the protein ferredoxin. No protein gradient is created at this step.

Front 24

8th step in linear flow

Back 24

NADP+ reductase catalyzes the transfer of electrons to NADP+ reducing it to NADPH. The electrons of NADPH are available for the reactions of the Calvin cycle

Front 25

Chloroplasts and mitochondria generate ATP by _________.

Back 25

Chemiosmosis

Front 26

In chloroplasts, this process is called ____________.

Back 26

Phosphorylation

Front 27

In mitochondria it is called, ________________ ____________.

Back 27

Oxidative phosphorylation

Front 28

Carbon enter the cycle as Co2 and leaves as a sugar named ____________________.

Back 28

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)

Front 29

Three phases of the carbon cycle

Back 29

1.) Carbon fixation

2.) Reduction

3.) Regeneration of the Co2 acceptor (RuBP)

Front 30

For every molecule of O2 that is released by photo system 2, ___ molecules are needed, which together pass ___ electrons to the ps 2 reaction-center complex

Back 30

2,4

Front 31

In the light reactions, light energy is used to oxidize ____ to ____.

Back 31

H20 to O2

Front 32

The electrons derived from this oxidation reaction in the Calvin cycle are used to reduce ____ to ____.

Back 32

Co2 to G3P