Biology Chapter 7: Cell Structure And Function

Front 1

cell

Back 1

basic unit of life

Front 2

Robert Hooke

Back 2

created cell biology by observing nonliving cork

Front 3

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Back 3

first person to observe organisms; discovered bacteria

contributed that cells are basic unit of structure/function to cell theory

Front 4

cell theory

Back 4

1. all living things are made up of cells

2. cell are basic unit of structure/function in living things

3. new cells come from existing cells

Front 5

Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

Back 5

observed animal cells and concluded all living things made up of cells; Schleiden discovered all things made up of cells

Schwann discovered that all animals are made up of cells

Front 6

Lorenz Oken and Rudolf Virchow

Back 6

contributed to cell theory that all cells arise from existing cells

Front 7

two types of microscopes

Back 7

light and electron

Front 8

light microscope

Back 8

passes visible light through specimen to observe it; specimen can be alive; magnifies 1000-2000 times

Front 9

electron microscope

Back 9

uses beam of electrons through specimen to observe; specimen must be dead; magnifies up to 500,000 times size of the specimen; specimen must be kept in vacuum sealed with no oxygen

Front 10

Scanning Electron Microscope

Back 10

examines surface of cell in detail

Front 11

Transmission Electron Microscope

Back 11

examines interior of cell in detail

Front 12

prokaryotic cells

Back 12

cells that do not enclose DNA in nuclei (do not have a nucleus and DNA is contained instead in nucleoid region); generally smaller and simpler; do not have membrane-bound organelles; found in bacteria

Front 13

eukaryotic cells

Back 13

cells that enclose DNA in a nucleus (have a nucleus); more large and complex; make up plants, animals, and fungi

Front 14

nucleus

Back 14

large membrane-enclosed structure that contains genetic material in form of DNA and controls many of the cell´s activities

Front 15

DNA

Back 15

information stored inside nucleus that contains coded instructions for making proteins and other molecules for the cell

- found in all types of cells

Front 16

nucleolus

Back 16

small sphere found inside of nucleus; function- to make ribosomes

Front 17

vacuoles

Back 17

store materials like water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

- found in eukaryotic cells (plant and animal)

-plant cells have single, large vacuole filled with liquid (allows cell to be firm and hold up heavy parts like leaves and flowers)

Front 18

vesicles

Back 18

function: store and move materials between cell organelles, as well as to and from the cell surface

-smaller than vacuoles, and membrane enclosed

- found in most eukaryotic cells

Front 19

lysosomes

Back 19

small organelles filled with enzymes

-function: break down lipids, carbs, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by rest of the cell

-also break down organelles that have outlived usefulness

-removing junk that might otherwise clutter the cell

-structure: surrounded by membrane made of lipids

-found in eukaryotic cells, mostly animal but some plants

Front 20

cytoskeleton

Back 20

network of protein filaments in eukaryotic cells that give cells shape and internal organization

-involved in movement; help transport materials between different parts of cell

-found in both plant and animal cells

-made up of microtubules and microfilaments

Front 21

centrioles

Back 21

minute cylindrical organelle

-function: involved in making spindle fibers for cell division

Front 22

ribosomes

Back 22

makes proteins that repair damage in cells and help direct chemical processes in the cell

-found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells are all types; all cells need protein

-floating freely: makes protein for cell itself; attached to the rough ER: makes protein for outside the cell wall

Front 23

endoplasmic reticulum

Back 23

-place where lipid component of cell membrane is assembled

-make proteins and other materials that are exported from the cell

1. rough ER- has ribosomes attached to it that make protein for export

2. smooth ER- does not have ribosomes attached; helps to detoxify drugs

Front 24

Golgi apparatus

Back 24

modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from rough ER for storage in the cell or outside the cell

-builds lysosomes

-found in all eukaryotic cells

Front 25

chloroplast

Back 25

converts light energy from the sun into food/sugars in process called photosynthesis

- found in plant cells

Front 26

cell wall

Back 26

-provides structure, support, and protection for plant cells

-allows water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other materials to pass through the cell

Front 27

cell membrane

Back 27

separates interior of cells from outside environment and regulates materials that can come in and out of the cell

-made of four kinds of molecules: phospholipids, cholesterol, protein and carbs

-found in all eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Front 28

structure of cell membrane

Back 28

made up of lipid bilayer

-made up of two parts; head and fatty acid tail

-hydrophilic heads exposed outside the cell

- hydrophobic tails not exposed to water or outside of cell

Front 29

selectively permeable

Back 29

-quality of the cell membrane that allows some materials to enter cell and other not to

-smaller, nonpolar molecules allowed to enter

-larger, polar molecules restricted from cell

Front 30

flagellum

Back 30

small tail on outside of cells that allow movement of cell or move objects outside the cell

Front 31

cilia

Back 31

tiny hair-like projections on outside of cell that move cell/move objects outside the cell