Biology Chapter 31 Fungi

Front 1

Fungi are ____ but do not ingest their food.

Back 1

heterotrophs

Front 2

What do fungi secrete into the environment? and what does it do

Back 2

exoenzymes, they break down complex food molecules. The fungi absorbs the remaining small compounds

Front 3

What are some of the diverse lifestyles that fungi exhibit? list 3

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decomposer, parasites, mutualistic symbiont.

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The morphology of multicellular fungi...

Back 4

enhances their ability to absorb nutrients from their surroundings

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fungi consist of

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mycelia, networks of branched hyphae adapted for absorption

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Fungi cell walls are made of?

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chitin

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Some fungi have hyphae that?

Back 7

all cell to cell movement of materials

Front 8

coenocytic fungi

Back 8

lack septa

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exoenzymes

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An enzyme, such as a digestive enzyme, that functions outside the cell from which it originates.

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mycelia

Back 10

Mass of fine branching threads that make up the vegetative part of a fungus that produces a mushroom or toadstool as a fruiting body.

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chitin

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A tough, protective, semitransparent substance, primarily a nitrogen-containing polysaccharide, forming the principal component of arthropod exoskeletons and the cell walls of certain fungi.

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septa

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A thin partition or membrane that divides two cavities or soft masses of tissue in an organism

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coenocytic fungi

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A multinucleate cytoplasmic mass enclosed by a single cell wall, as in slime molds and certain fungi and algae.

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mycorrhizae

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are mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots

Front 15

fungi propagate themselves by?

Back 15

producing large quantities of spores or asexually

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plasmogamy

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is a stage in the sexual reproduction of fungi. In this stage, the cytoplasm of two parent mycelia fuse together without the fusion of nuclei, as occurs in higher terrestrial fungi. After plasmogamy occurs, the secondary mycelium forms. The secondary mycelium consists of dikaryotic cells, one nucleus from each of the parent mycelia.

Front 17

karyogamy

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The coming together and fusing of cell nuclei, as in fertilization.

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heterokaryotic

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A cell having two or more genetically different nuclei.

Front 19

The fungi sexual life cycle involves?

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cell fusion-plasmogamy, nuclear fusion-karyogamy, and an intervening heterokarytoic stage

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Imperfect fungi

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are fungi that do not have a sexual stage, they reproduce asexually.

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origin of fungi

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-one of the first colonizers of land(probably as symbiont with early land plants)
-molecular evidence supports hypothesis that fungi and animals diverged from a common ancestor
-oldest fossil is about 460 million years

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fungal phyla, name them...

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Phylum Chytridiomycota
Phylum Zygomycota
Phylum Ascomycota-Sac
FungiPhylum Basidiomycota

Front 23

describe zygomycota fungi

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include fast growing parasities and commensal symbionts
are named for their sexually produced zygosporangia

Front 24

What is special about Pilobolus fungi and what phylum is it in?

Back 24

it aims their sporangia toward conditions associated with good food sources, zygomycetes

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zygosporangia

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-are resisant to freezing and drying
-are capable of persisting through unfavorable conditions
-can udergo meiosis when conditions improve

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glomeromycetes

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for a distinct type of endomycorrhizae called arbuscular mycorrhizae
-90% of all plants form mycorrhizae with them

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mycorrhizae

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association between a fungus and the roots of a plant.[1] In a mycorrhizal association the fungus may colonize the roots of a host plant either intracellularly or extracellularly.

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describe ascomycota fungi

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-are found in a variety of marine, freshwater,and terrestrial habitats
-are defined by the production of sexual spores in saclike asci
-vary in size and complexity, from unicelluar to elabrate cup fungi and morels
-reproduce sexually and asexually

Front 29

asci

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is the sexual spore-bearing cell produced in ascomycete fungi.

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ascocarps

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is the fruiting body (sporocarp) of an ascomycete fungus. It consists of very tightly interwoven hyphae and may contain millions of asci, each of which contains typically eight ascospores. Ascocarps are most commonly bowl-shaped, but may take on a number of other designs.

Front 31

describe basidiomycota

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-include mushrooms and shelf fungi
-defined by a clublike structure called a basidium with a transeint diploid stage in the life cycle

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basidium

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is a microscopic, spore-producing structure found on the hymenophore of fruiting bodies of basidiomycete fungi. The presence of basidia is one of the main characteristic features of the Basidiomycota.

Front 33

what type of fungi are in fairy rings?

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bascyomycota

Front 34

describe fungi and animal symbiontism

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-some fungi share their digestive services with some animals
-help break down plant material in the guts of cows and other grazing animals
-many species of ants and termites take advantage of the digestive power of fungi by raising them in "farms"

Front 35

what three types of lichens are there?

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fructicose(shrub like)
follose(leaf like-
crustose(crust like)

Front 36

30% of fungi are ____ found on ____

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parasities found on plants

Front 37

what are some uses humans have for fungi?

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food and antibotics