Biology Chapter 3 Readers Guide 3-3

Front 1

Most organisms are made of the following 4 elements

Back 1

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogren

Front 2

I.A. How is matter recycled?

Back 2

Unlike the one-way flow of energy, matter is recycled within and between ecosystems.

Front 3

I.B. Define biogeochemical cycles

Back 3

The process in which elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another.

Front 4

I.C. Matter can cycle throught the biosphere because biological systems do BLANK use up BLANK; they BLANK it.

Back 4

not, matter, transform

Front 5

II.A. All living things require BLANK to survive

Back 5

Water

Front 6

II.B. Explain the relationship between evaporation and transpiration.

Back 6

Evaporation is the process by which water changes from liquid form to an atmospheric gas.
Transpiration is water that can also enter the atmosphere by evaporating from the leaves of plants.

Front 7

II.C. How do clouds form?

Back 7

Clouds form when water vapor condenses into tiny droplets.

Front 8

II.D. What is precipitation? List 4 ex.

Back 8

Precipitation is when droplets become large enough and the water then returns to Earth's surface. Ex. rain, snow, sleet or hail.

Front 9

II.E.What 3 things can happen to water once it returns to land?

Back 9

1) Most percipitation runs along the surface of the ground until it enters a river or stream that carries the runoff back to an ocean/lake 2) Rain seeps into the soil, some of it deeply enough to become ground water 3) Water in the soil enters plants through the roots, and the water cycle begins anew.

Front 10

Define nutrient:

Back 10

Chemical substance that an organism requires to live.

Front 11

Why do organisms need nutrients?

Back 11

Every living organism needs nutrients to build tissues and carry out essential life functions.

Front 12

Give 2 reasons why recycling nutrients is important in ecosystems?

Back 12

1)Due to short supply of nutrients recycling nutrients is essential for these ecosystems to keep functioning 2) Nutrient cycling, also prevents many chemicals from reaching concentrations that would be toxic or harmful to organisms

Front 13

III.A.i.Of all the carbon on Earth, less than BLANK % actively circulates within the biosphere

Back 13

1 (one)

Front 14

III.A.ii. Describe 3 ways carbon dioxide is returned to the atmosphere and classify the kind of process that is involved.

Back 14

1) biological processes, such as photosynthesis, respiration & decomposition of plants and animals 2) geochemical processes, such as the release of carbon dioxide gas to the atmospher by volcanoes 3) mixed biogeochemical

Front 15

III.A.iii. How is carbon dioxide taken out of the atmosphere?

Back 15

Carbon dioxide is taken out by the process of photosynthesis.

Front 16

III.A.iv. Caron dioxide is a BLANK in the atmosphere, in the oceans Carbon dioxide is dissolved, and underground it is found as

Back 16

Gas;
coal, petroleum, and calcium carbonate rock.

Front 17

III.A.iii. How is carbon dioxide taken out of the atmosphere?

Back 17

Carbon dioxide is taken out by the process of photosynthesis.

Front 18

III.A.v. What might happen if vast areas of forest are cleared?

Back 18

If vast areas of forest are cleared then consumers will have a limited food supply. The process of photosynthesis will not occur as often.

Front 19

III.B.i. Why do organisms require nitrogen?

Back 19

All organisms require nitrogen to make amino acids, which in turn are used to build proteins.

Front 20

III.B.ii. What are the main nitrogen containing nutrients in the bisophere?

Back 20

Nitrogen gas (N2), ammonia (NH3), nitrate ions (NO3-), nitrite ions (NO2-)

Front 21

III.B.iii. Although nitrogen is the most abundent element in the atmosphere (78%) humans cannot take in the nitrogen directly. Explain how humans get nitrogen to make proteins in their own body.

Back 21

Once nitrogen gas is converted into ammonia then bacteria in the soil can convert ammonia into nitrates & nitrites. Once these products are available, producers can use them to make proteins. consumers then eat the producers and reuse the notrogen to make their own proteins.

Front 22

III.B.iv. What is the relationship between nitrogen fixation and denitrification?

Back 22

Nitrogen fixation is the process of converting nitrogen gas into ammonia. Denitrification is the conversion of nitrates into nitrogen gas by soil bacteria.

Front 23

III.C.i. Phosphorous is part of an energy producing, life sustaining molecule calle BLANK.

Back 23

DNA & RNA

Front 24

III.C.ii. How is phosphorous different than carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen?

Back 24

Phosphorous does not enter the atmosphere. Instead, phosphorus remains mostly on land in rock and soil minerals and in ocean sediments.

Front 25

III.C.iii. Phosphorous exists as BLANK sotred mostly on land in BLANK and BLANK and in BLANK

Back 25

inorganic phosphate;
rock, soil minerals, ocean sediments

Front 26

III.C.iv. Explain how phosphorous is cycled from land, ocean, sediments and to living organisms.

Back 26

Phosphate washes into rivers and streams where it dissolves. Them makes it way to ocean where it is used by marine organisms. When plansts absorb phosphate from the soil or from water, the plants bind the phosphate into organic compounds. organic phosphate moves through the food web, from producers -> consumers and -> the rest of the ecosystem.

Front 27

IV.A. Define primary productivity

Back 27

the rate at which organic matter is created by producers.

Front 28

IV.B. Using the word limiting nutrient explain why farmers apply fertilizers to their crops.

Back 28

Farmers who are aware of limiting nutrients, apply fertilizers to their crops to boost their productivity. Nutrients help plants grow larger and more quickly than they would in unfertilized soil

Front 29

IV.C. Oceans are nutrient BLANK compared to land.

Back 29

-poor environments

Front 30

IV.D. The limiting nutrient in the following areas are:
1. oceans or other saltwater environments
2. streams, lakes, and freshwater environments

Back 30

1.nitrogen, silica, or iron
2. phosphorus

Front 31

IV.E. What is a (algal) bloom and why do they occur?

Back 31

A bloom is an immediate increase in the amount of algae and other producers that results from a large input of a limiting nutrient. They occur because if there are more nutrients available, the producers can grow and reproduce more quickly. If not enough consumers to eat the excess algae, conditions can become so favorable for growth that algae could cover the surface of the water.