Biology Chapter 3

Front 1

ecology

Back 1

study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment

Front 2

biosphere

Back 2

part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or the atmosphere

Front 3

species

Back 3

a group of similar organisms that can breed together

Front 4

population

Back 4

a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area

Front 5

community

Back 5

assemblage of different populations that live together in a defined area

Front 6

ecosystem

Back 6

oollection of al lthe organisms that live in a particular place along with their nonliving environment

Front 7

biome

Back 7

group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant communities

Front 8

autotroph

Back 8

an organism that captures energy from sunlight or chemicals and uses it to produce its own food (also called a producer)

Front 9

photosynthesis

Back 9

the process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and carbohydrates

Front 10

chemosynthesis

Back 10

the process by which some organisms, such as certain bacteria, use chemical energy to produce carbohdyrates

Front 11

heterotroph

Back 11

organism that obtains energy from the food it consumes (consumer)

Front 12

herbivore

Back 12

organism that obtains energy by eating plants

Front 13

carnivore

Back 13

organism that obtains energy by eatinging animals

Front 14

omnivore

Back 14

organism that obtains energy by eatin both plants and animals

Front 15

detritivore

Back 15

organisms that feeds on plant and animal remains and other dead matter

Front 16

decomposer

Back 16

organism that breaks down and obtains energy from dead organic matter

Front 17

food chain

Back 17

series of steps in an ecosystem in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten

Front 18

trophic level

Back 18

step in a food chain or food web

Front 19

ecological pyramid

Back 19

diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy or matter within each tropic level in a food chain

Front 20

food web

Back 20

network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem

Front 21

biomass

Back 21

total amount of living tissues within a given trophic level

Front 22

biogeochemical cycle

Back 22

process in which elements,chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another

Front 23

evaporation

Back 23

process by which water changes form a liquid to an atmospheric gas

Front 24

transpiration

Back 24

loss of water from a plant through its leaves

Front 25

nutrients

Back 25

chemical substance that an organism requires to live

Front 26

nitrogen fixation

Back 26

process of converting nitrogen gas into ammonia

Front 27

detrification

Back 27

proces of converting nitrates into nitrogen gas

Front 28

primary productivity

Back 28

rate at which organic matter is created by producers in an ecosystem

Front 29

algal bloom

Back 29

an immediate increase in the amount of algae and other producers that results from a large input of a limiting nutrient

Front 30

biotic factors

Back 30

biological influences on organisms within an ecosystem

Front 31

abiotic factors

Back 31

physical or nonliving factors that shape ecosystem

Front 32

habitat

Back 32

the area where an organism lives (abiotic + biotic factors)

Front 33

niche

Back 33

full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions

Front 34

resource

Back 34

any necessity of life, such as water, nutrients, light, food, or space

Front 35

competitive exclusion principle

Back 35

states that no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time

Front 36

predation

Back 36

an interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism

Front 37

symbiosis:

Back 37

any relationship in which two species live closely together

Front 38

mutualism

Back 38

both species benefit

Front 39

commensalism

Back 39

one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed

Front 40

parasitism

Back 40

one organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it

Front 41

ecological succession

Back 41

series of changes that occur in a community over time

Front 42

primary succession

Back 42

(on land) succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists -- usually occurs after a volcano or a glacier melts

Front 43

pioneer species

Back 43

first species to populate the area

Front 44

lichen

Back 44

symbiosis of fungus and an alga & and can grow on bare rock (mutualism)

Front 45

climax community

Back 45

the stable ecosystem that develops due to succession

Front 46

seconday succession

Back 46

when a disturbance of some kind changes an existing community without removing the soil

Front 47

biome

Back 47

complex of terrestrial communities that coversa a large area, has certain soil and climate ocnditions, has certain plants and animals, and is identified by certian abiotic factors

Front 48

tolerance

Back 48

ability to survive and reproduce under certain conditions

Front 49

microclimate

Back 49

a climate in a small area that differs from the climate around it

Front 50

tropical rain forest

Back 50

most bio diverse, nutrient poor soil, wet/hot

Front 51

tropical dry forest

Back 51

deciduous trees, warm, rich soil

Front 52

tropical savannah

Back 52

shrubs, small trees, warm temp. , frequent fires

Front 53

desert

Back 53

extreme temperatures, little precip, rich soil in minerals not in organic matter

Front 54

temperatre grassland

Back 54

prairies, plains, ferile soil

Front 55

temperate woodland/shrubland

Back 55

hot dry summers/ cool moist winters

Front 56

temperate forest (decidious)

Back 56

deciduous + coniferous trees, humus, year round rain

Front 57

humus

Back 57

formed by decaying leaves and organic matter

Front 58

northwestern coniferous forest

Back 58

flowering plants, acidic soil

Front 59

boreal forest

Back 59

bitter cold winters/ mild summers

Front 60

tundra

Back 60

permafrost (layer of solid water & ice) short summers, freezing temps, little recip.

Front 61

wetlands

Back 61

ecosystem where water covers the soil for part or most of the year

Front 62

esturaries

Back 62

wetlands formed where rivers meet the sea

Front 63

detritus

Back 63

tiny pieces of organic material that provide food for organisms at the base of the stuary's food web

Front 64

photic zone

Back 64

well lit upper layer of the ocean-- depth of 200 m

Front 65

aphotic zone

Back 65

permanently dark layer of the ocean below the photic zone-- deeper than 200 m

Front 66

ocean divided into zones based on the depth and distance form the shore

Back 66

intertidal zone, coastal ocean, open ocean, benthic zone

Front 67

coastal ocean

Back 67

extrends from the low-tide mark to the outer edge of the continental shelf, realtiavely shallow border that surrounds the continents

Front 68

kelp forests

Back 68

community named for its dominant organism = kelp, a giant brown algae

Front 69

Benthic zone

Back 69

the ocean floor that contains organisms that live attached to or near the bottom

Front 70

benthos

Back 70

organisms that live attached to or near the ocean floor

Front 71

coral reefs

Back 71

named for the coral animals whose hard, calcium carbonate skeletons make up their primary structure

Front 72

population density

Back 72

number of individuals per unit of area

Front 73

immigration

Back 73

momvemnt of individuals into an area occupied by an existing population

Front 74

emigration

Back 74

movement of individuals out of an area

Front 75

exponential growth

Back 75

growth pattern in which the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate

Front 76

logistic growth

Back 76

growht pattern in which a population's grwoth rate slows or stops follow a period of exponential growth

Front 77

carrying capacity

Back 77

largest number of individuals of a population that a given environment can support

Front 78

limiting factor

Back 78

factor that causes the growth of a population to decrease

Front 79

density-dependent limiting factor

Back 79

limitng factor that depends on population size

Front 80

preador-prey relationship

Back 80

mechanism of population control in which a population is regulated by predation

Front 81

density-independent limiting factor

Back 81

limiting factor that affects all populations in similar ways, regardless of population size

Front 82

ex. of density- dependent limiting factors

Back 82

predation, paraisitism, disease, and competition

Front 83

ex. of density-independent limiting factors

Back 83

unusual weather, natural disasters, seasonal cycles, and human activity

Front 84

three important characteristics of population:

Back 84

geographic distribution, density, and grwoth rate

Front 85

three factors that can affect population size:

Back 85

number of births, number of deaths, and number of individuals that enter or leave the population

Front 86

things that cause population to change:

Back 86

birth and death, emigration, and immigration

Front 87

populations grow when:

Back 87

birthrate is higher than deathrate & immiration is higher than emigration

Front 88

population says the same when

Back 88

birthrate equals deathrate & emmigration equals immigration

Front 89

populations can shrink when

Back 89

death rate is great than birthrate & emmigration rate is higheer than immigration rate

Front 90

population growth slows when:

Back 90

death rate increases, birthrate decreases, or both at the same time

Front 91

nucleotides (3 parts)

Back 91

monomers that make up DNA

Front 92

each nucleotide is made up of three parts:

Back 92

a phosphate group, deoxyribose (5 carbon sugar) & a nitrogenous base

Front 93

The four nitrogenous bases are:

Back 93

adenine <--> thyamine
guanine <--> cytosine

Front 94

purines:

Back 94

adenine & guanine

Front 95

pyrimidines:

Back 95

thaymine & cytosine

Front 96

Erwin Chargaff:

Back 96

showed that the percentages of Cytosine and Guanine are equal as well as Thyamine and adenine

Front 97

Rosalind Franklin

Back 97

studied DNA using X-Ray diffraction and it showed that the DNA is twisted aroud "double helix"

Front 98

James Watson * Francis Crick

Back 98

made a 3d model of the double helix & discovered that hydrogen bonds hold the bases together
= watson produced "the Double Helix"
= observed that DNA is replicated and the H bonds allow it to replicate quickly

Front 99

base pairing

Back 99

principal that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thyamine and between guanine and cytosine

Front 100

during DNA relpication what is the purpose of enzymes

Back 100

enzymes unzip the strand by breaking the hydrogen bonds

Front 101

DNA polymerase

Back 101

main enzyme that joins free-floating nucleotides to produce the DNA polymer

Front 102

DNA replication

Back 102

DNA molecuels separates into two strands, then produces two new copmlementary strands following the ruyles of base pairing. Each strand of the double helix of DNA serves as a temple or model for the new stand.

Front 103

chromatin

Back 103

DNA and protein tightly packed together

Front 104

histones

Back 104

protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin

Front 105

nucleosomes

Back 105

super coiled to form chromosomes
job: to fold enormous lengths of DNA into cell's nucleus
= nucleosomes are composed of DNA wound around histones

Front 106

gene

Back 106

sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus deterines a trait

Front 107

messenger RNA

Back 107

RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell

Front 108

ribosomal RNA

Back 108

type of RNA that makes up the major part of Ribosomes

Front 109

transfer RNA

Back 109

type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis

Front 110

transcription

Back 110

the process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied

Front 111

RNA polymerase

Back 111

enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription

Front 112

promoter

Back 112

region of DNA that indicates to an enzyme where to bind to make RNA

Front 113

intron

Back 113

intervening sequence of DNA; does not code for a protein; gets edited out before they become functional

Front 114

exon

Back 114

expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein

Front 115

codon

Back 115

three-nucoleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid

Front 116

translation

Back 116

decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain

Front 117

anticodon

Back 117

group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon

Front 118

differences between DNA & Rna

Back 118

- sugar in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose
- RNA is generally single-stranded
-RNA contains uracil in place of thymine
-job: to get protein instructsions from DNA and make proteins by building amino acids

Front 119

mutations

Back 119

changes in the genetic material

Front 120

point mutations

Back 120

change in a single DNA base pair

Front 121

frameshift mutations

Back 121

many amino acids are changed resulting in a protein that cannot function properly

Front 122

deletion

Back 122

when part of a chromosome is left out

Front 123

duplications

Back 123

when part of a chromatid breaks off and attaches to its sister chromatid. you have a duplication of genes on the same chromosomes

Front 124

inversions

Back 124

part of a chromosome breaks off and is reinserted backwards

Front 125

translocations

Back 125

part of one chromosome breaks off and is added to a different chromosome

Front 126

Charles Darwin

Back 126

traveled around the world and made numerous observations and oclleceted evidence that led him to propose a revolutionary hypothesis about the way life changes over time
- explored the galapagos islands

Front 127

evolution

Back 127

changes over time, the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms

Front 128

scientific theory

Back 128

a well supported testablie explanation of phenomena that has occurred in the natural world

Front 129

fossil

Back 129

preservered remains of an ancient organism

Front 130

darwin/s observation in galapagos islands

Back 130

very close islands, very diff climate, very diff organisms

Front 131

natural selection

Back 131

process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully & resulsts in changes in the inherited characteristics of a population

Front 132

artifical selection

Back 132

nature provided the variation and humans selected those variations that they found useful

Front 133

struggle for existence

Back 133

organisms compete for food, space, and other resources/ nature's version of articiel selection

Front 134

fitness

Back 134

the ability to survive and reproduice

Front 135

survival of the fittest

Back 135

the same as natural selection

Front 136

adaptatation

Back 136

any inherited characterstic that increases an organism's chance of survival

Front 137

descent with modification

Back 137

each living species has descended from other species with changes over time

Front 138

evidence of evolution includes:

Back 138

fossil records, geographic distribution, homologus structures, vestigial organs

Front 139

fossil records

Back 139

composed of physical remains of organisms + provides evidence that living things have been evolving for millions of years

Front 140

geographic distribution

Back 140

similar animals in different locations were the product of different lines of evolutionary descent

Front 141

homologous structures

Back 141

structures that have different forms of development from the same embryonic tissue

Front 142

similarities in embryology

Back 142

in early stages, many organisms provide evidence that they shared a common ancestry

Front 143

vestigial organs

Back 143

organis with little or no function

Front 144

paleontologist

Back 144

scientist who studies fossil

Front 145

fossil record

Back 145

provides evidence about athe history of life on Earth. it also shows how diff groups of organisms have changed over time

Front 146

extinct

Back 146

the species died out

Front 147

fossils form

Back 147

dead organism buried in mud or sediment and leaves impression in sedimentary rock. over period of time rock might wear away and expose fossil /

Front 148

types of fossil

Back 148

mold- sediment surrounds organism:: hollow
cast- a filled mold :: solid
petrification- minerals replace bone matter & petrify the organism
imprint- footprint/tracking that hardens
amber- hardened sap containing preserved organisms

Front 149

index fossils/requirements

Back 149

fossils used to compare the relative age of fossils/easily recognizes, existed for short period, wide geographic range

Front 150

relative dating

Back 150

the age of a fossil is determined by comparing its placement with that of fossils in other layers of rock

Front 151

absolute dating (radioactive dating)

Back 151

the use of half-lives to determine the age of a sample/ scientists calculate the age of a sample based on the amount of remaining isotopes it contains

Front 152

half life

Back 152

the length of time reuired for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay

Front 153

if they have a fossil they believe is younger than 60,000 years old they will use

Back 153

carbon 14

Front 154

if they have a fossil they believe is older than 60,000 years old they will use

Back 154

potassium 40

Front 155

how many organisms that once lived on earth are now extinct?

Back 155

99%

Front 156

when was earth created

Back 156

4.6 billion years ago

Front 157

gases in the formation of the earth

Back 157

carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, nitrogen, methane

Front 158

Miller-Urey experiment

Back 158

suggested how mixtures of the organic compounds necessary for life could have arisen from simpler compounds present on primitive earth

Front 159

protenoid microspheres

Back 159

tiny bubbles formed from organic molecules; are not cells but contain characteristics of a cell because they have a selectively permeable membrane

Front 160

endosymbiotic theory

Back 160

proposes that eukaryotic cells arose from living communities formed by prokaryotic cells

Front 161

aerobic bacteria entered ancient anaerobic prokayote and that evolved into

Back 161

mitochondria

Front 162

photosynthetic bacteria enetered ancient anaerobic prokaryote and evolved into

Back 162

chloroplast

Front 163

microfossils

Back 163

microscopic fossils

Front 164

at first oxygen drove some lif forms into ____

Back 164

extinction

Front 165

Lynn Margulis

Back 165

did research on endosymbiotic theory and extracted DNA from primitive and plant fossilized cells and they very closely matched up

Front 166

Precambrian time

Back 166

beginning of earth's history/most of earth's history occurred here/anaerobic life forms

Front 167

paleozoic era: cambrian period

Back 167

age of the invertebrates/trilobites were most common/most organisms had hard shells

Front 168

paleozoic era: devonian period

Back 168

age of fish/introduction to vertebrates/basic amphibian/insects

Front 169

paleozoic era: carboniferous period

Back 169

extensive plant growth/evolution of the reptile/many amphibians and trilobites when extinct

Front 170

mesozoic era: triassic period

Back 170

age of the reptiles/introduction to dinosaurs/first mamals

Front 171

mesozoic era: jurassic period

Back 171

age of the dinosaurs

Front 172

mesozoic era: cretaceous period

Back 172

flowering plants/extinction of dinosaurs

Front 173

cenozoic era

Back 173

mammals evolved adaptations that allowed them to live in various environments

Front 174

cenozoic era: tertiary period

Back 174

marine mammals evolved/ insects and flowering plants flourished/grass eating animals evolved

Front 175

cenozoic era: quaternary period

Back 175

-beginning of ice ages
- mammoths roamed the earth

Front 176

adaptive radiation

Back 176

single species evolves into several different species that live in different ways (finches)

Front 177

convergent evolution

Back 177

unrelated organisms evolve similar characteristics when adapting to similar environments

Front 178

coevolution

Back 178

two species thatinteract over a long period of time change and adjust to one another

Front 179

macroevolution

Back 179

large scale evolutionary patterns and processes that occur over long periods of time

Front 180

puncuated equilibrium:

Back 180

stable periods interuppted by rapid changes involving many different lines of dsecent

Front 181

gradualism

Back 181

gradual evolution; slow steady in a particular line of descent

Front 182

hox genes

Back 182

master control genes; guide development of major body structures in animals;

Front 183

taxonomy

Back 183

classifying organisms and assigning them a universally accepted name

Front 184

KPCOFGS

Back 184

Kingdom, phlyum, class, order, family, genus , species

Front 185

taxon

Back 185

each levil of the classifcation system

Front 186

phylogeny

Back 186

evolutionary relationships aong organisms

Front 187

derived characters

Back 187

characters that appear in recent parts of lineage but no in its older members

Front 188

claodogram

Back 188

a diagram that shows evolutionary relationships among a group of orgnaisms

Front 189

domain

Back 189

more inclusive category than any other / larger than a kingdom/ 3 domains: bacteria, euklarya, archaebacteria

Front 190

binomial nomenclature

Back 190

two name system developed by Linnaeus/ first name genus second name species / first name capitalizes

Front 191

six kingdoms of life

Back 191

eubacteria, archaebacteria, protista, fungi, plantae, animalia

Front 192

3 domain system:

Back 192

archaebacteria, bacteria, eukarya

Front 193

(domain) bacteria

Back 193

prokarytoic, cell walls have peptidoglycan, unicellular/ strep, e coli

Front 194

(DOMAIN) archaebactera

Back 194

prokaryote; no peptidoglycan/ unicellular/yeast

Front 195

(domain) eukarya

Back 195

prostista, fungi, plantae, animalia,; eukaryotic

Front 196

chordate

Back 196

has a dorsal holllow nerve chord;notochord; pharyngeal puches; tail that extends beyong the anus

Front 197

two groups of nonvertebrate chordates:

Back 197

= tunicates (sea squirts) no tail or notochord as an adult
= lancelets/ do not have a true heart/ live on ocean bottoms

Front 198

basic characteristics of a fish

Back 198

gils/paired fins/aquatic vertebrates with backbones/ scales

Front 199

evolution of fishes

Back 199

first vertebrates to evolve from an invertebrate ancestor
/ evolution of jaws and paired fins were imporatn development

Front 200

first fishes in devonian period were...

Back 200

jawless with armored bony plates

Front 201

cartilage

Back 201

strong tissue that protects the bone

Front 202

girdles

Back 202

structures of cartilage that support the fins

Front 203

fish are classified into 3 groups

Back 203

cartilaginous, jawless, bony

Front 204

jawless fish

Back 204

lack vertebrae, and have fibers/ lampreys & hagfish

Front 205

cartilaginous

Back 205

sharks/rays' have a lot of teeth

Front 206

bony fish

Back 206

ray-fined or lobe-finned

Front 207

circulatory system of fish

Back 207

closed circulation system:: heart pumps blood through body in a single loop from heart to gills to the rest of the body and back to the heart

Front 208

heart of fish

Back 208

4 parts within 2 chambers// the atrium and the ventricle

Front 209

reponse of a fish

Back 209

well developed nervous system + brain

Front 210

parts of a fish's brain

Back 210

olfactory bulb- sense of smell
cerebrum- voluntary activitie
optic lobe- processes eye information

Front 211

movement of a fish

Back 211

alternating contracting paired muscles

Front 212

swim/air bladder

Back 212

internal, gas-filled organi that adjusts levels of buoyancy

Front 213

how do fish get rid of nitrogenous wastes

Back 213

in the form of ammonia through gills or kidneys

Front 214

urine of freshwater fish

Back 214

surrounde dby lost of water; urine tend to be diluted

Front 215

urine of saltwater fish

Back 215

tend to lose water by osmosis; urine tends to be concentrated

Front 216

reproduction of fish

Back 216

oviparous- eggs hatch outside mothers body and food is obtained from yolk
ovoviviparous- result of internal fertilization; egg stay in mothers body; young born alive
viviparous: bears live young; nourished from mother's body