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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Chemistry
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the study of matter, and the energy that causes matter to combine, break-apart or rearrange
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Matter
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Anything that has mass & occupies space
Composed of elements. |
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Elements
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Represents pure matter
Can't be broken down to a simpler form |
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Atoms
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Smallest Functional Unit of Elements
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Protons, neutrons, electrons
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Atoms are composed of three things
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Electron
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Has a negative charge
No discernible mass |
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Protons
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Have a positive charge
has mass |
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Atomic Symbol
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A two letter symbol that represents elements
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Atomic Number
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Represents the number of protons in an atom
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Atomic Mass
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Roughly equal to number of protons plus neutrons
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Number of Protons in an atom=
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Number of Electrons in an atom=
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Radioisotopes
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Unstable isotopes
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Energy and particles
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Things that radioisotopes give off
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Carbon-14
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A type of radioisotopes that is used for dating fossils, diagnostic imaging, and cancer treatment
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Energy
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The capacity to do work
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Potential Energy
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Stored energy
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Kinetic Energy
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Energy in motion, doing work
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Potential energy
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Shells that are farther from the nucleus contain electrons
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Outermost
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Atoms are most stable when which shell is full
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Chemical Bonds
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These are attractive forces holding atoms together
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Covalent, Ionic, Hydrogen
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3 kinds of chemical bonds
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Molecule
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two or more atoms chemically bonded together
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Compound
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two or more different atoms bonded together
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True
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True or false: All compounds are molecules, but not all molecules are compounds
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False
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True or false: All molecules are compounds
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Covalent bond
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This type of bond form when atoms share electrons
Strongest chemical bond |
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Non-polar covalent bond
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Electrons are shared equally in this kind of bond. There is no charge difference
Examples: H2 O2 CH4 |
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Polar Covalent Bond
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Electrons are NOT shared equally in this kind of bond.
Example: H20 |
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Ion
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An electrically charged atom or molecule
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Positively charged ion
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Froms if an atom or molecule LOSES electrons
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Negatively charged ion
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Forms if an atom or molecule GAINS electrons
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Ionic Bond
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The attractive force between oppositely charged ions
Example: NaCl |
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Hydrogen Bond
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This bond forms between polar molecules
Week attraction between oppositely charged regions of polar molecule |
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Water
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The biological solvent
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Solvent
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Liquid in which other substances dissolve
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Solute
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Anny dissolved substance
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Hydrophilic
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Polar molecules that are attracted to water & interact easily with (sugar molecules)
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Hydrophobic
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non-polar neutral molecules that do not interact with or dissolve into water (oil)
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Acid
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This donates hydrogen ion (protons)
Increases hydrogen ion concentration in solutions |
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Bases
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Accepts hydrogen ions
Lowers hydrogen ion concentration in solutions |
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pH scale
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A measure of hydrogen ion concentration
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Blood
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pH of 7.4
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Acid
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pH <7
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Neutral
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pH=7
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Basic
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pH>7
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Buffers
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Minimize pH change
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Buffers
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Help maintain stable pH in body fluids
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Weak Acid and the salt of the acid
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Every buffer system is composed of
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Carbonic acid and bicarbonate acid
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One of the body's most important buffer pairs
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Carbon
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The building block of living things
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Carbon
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Comprises 18% of the body by weight
Forms 4 covalent bonds Can from single, double, or triple bonds |
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Dehydration Synthesis
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Removes equivalent of a water molecule to link molecular units
Required energy |
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Dehydration Synthesis
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This process builds macromolecules from small subunits
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Hydrolysis
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Adds the equivalent of a water molecule to break apart macromolecules
Releases energy |
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Carbohydrates
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These are used fro energy an structural support in a cell
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Monosaccharides
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Simple sugars
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Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Ribose, Deoxyribose
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Name the Monosaccharides
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Oligosaccharides
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More than one Monosaccharide linked together
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Disaccharides
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two monosaccharides linked together
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Sucrose
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composed of Glucose and fructose
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Maltose
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Composed of glucose and glucose
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Lactose
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Composed of glucose and galactose
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Polysaccharides
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Thousands of monosaccharides joined in chains and branches (Stores energy)
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Starch
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Made in plants stores energy
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Glycogen
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Made in animals or humans and stores energy
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Cellulose
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A fiber that is an indigestible polysaccharide made in plant for structural support (humans can't break down but need)
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Chitin
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Type of starch that humans can't break down
The protective outer covering of insects |
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Lipids
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Insoluble in water (example: oil)
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Triglycerides
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A class of lipids that s the energy storage molecule
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True
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A person can store twice as much energy in a gram of fat rather than any other biological molecule
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Phospholipids
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A class of lipids any cell membrane structure
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Steroids
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Class of lipids that are carbon-based ring structures
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4 interlocking carbon rings with a side changed attached that determines the characteristic of the ring
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Every steroid is based on what?
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Waxes
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These are similar in structure to triglycerides and phospholipids
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Triglycerides
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Known as fats and oils
Composed of glycerol and three fatty acids |
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Adipose
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Where are triglycerides stored?
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Cholesterol, hormones(estrogen and testosterone)
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Examples of steroids
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Estrogen
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Testosterone can be made into
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Proteins
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Long chains (polymers) of subunits called amino acids
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20
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How many different kinds of amino acids are there
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Amino Acids
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joined by peptide bonds that are produced by dehydration synthesis reactions
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It will release
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What happens to acids when they are put into water
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Enzymes
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This type of protein is a catalyst
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Primary Structure
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This type of protein structure has an amino acid sequence and are stabilized by peptide bonds
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Secondary Structure
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The type of protein structure is an alpha helix, beta pleated sheets
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Primary Structure
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This type of Protein are stabilized by peptide bonds
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Secondary Structure
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Type of protein that is Stabilized by hydrogen bonds (maintains shape)
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Tertiary Structure
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Three-dimensional shape
Stabilized by disulfide & hydrogen bonds Creates polar & non-polar areas in molecule |
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Denaturation
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Permanent disruption of protein structure
Can be damaged by temperature or change in pH or certain salt concentrations |
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Enzymes
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Proteins that function as biological catalysts
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Temperature, PH, ion concentration and presence of inhibitors
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What does the functional shape on an enzyme depend on
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nucleotides
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building blocks of nucleic acids
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Adenine, Guanine, cytosine, Thymine
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4 nitrogenous bases in DNA
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Thymine
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Paired with Adenine
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Guanine
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Paired with Cytosine
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Single strand-one
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RNA has how many strands
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double strand-two
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DNA has how many strands
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Adedine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil
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Nitrogenous bases of RNA
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DNA
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What has instructions for making RNA and all protein
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RNA
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What has instructions for making protein
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Protein
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Directs most of life's processes in genetic information
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ATP
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Universal energy source that bonds between phosphate groups containing potential energy
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