Biology Chapter 19

Front 1

They are single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus.

Back 1

prokaryotes

Front 2

Prokaryotes are much smaller than most eukaryotic cells

Back 2

true

Front 3

Where do eubacteria live?

Back 3

They live almost everywhere. Some live in the soil, whereas others infect large animals

Front 4

What protects a prokaryotic cell from injury?

Back 4

cell wall

Front 5

What are 4 characteristics used to identify prokaryotes?

Back 5

Their shapes, chemical natures of their cell walls, the way they move, and the way they obtain energy

Front 6

What are each of the differently shaped prokaryotes called?

Back 6

the rod-shaped are called bacilli, the spherical-shaped are called cocci, and the corkscrew-shaped are called spirilla

Front 7

whiplike structures used for movement

Back 7

flagella

Front 8

Many prokaryotes do not move at all

Back 8

true

Front 9

Organism that carries out photosynthesis in a manner similar to plants

Back 9

Photoautotroph

Front 10

Organism that obtains energy directly from inorganic molecules

Back 10

Chemoautotroph

Front 11

Organism that takes in organic molecules and then breaks them down

Back 11

heterotroph

Front 12

Organism that captures sunlight for energy and also needs organic molecules for nutrition

Back 12

photoheterotroph

Front 13

organism that must take in organic molecules for both energy and carbon

Back 13

chemoheterotroph

Front 14

Organisms that require a constant supply of oxygen

Back 14

obligate aerobes

Front 15

Organisms that must live in the absence of oxygen

Back 15

obligate anaerobes

Front 16

Organisms that can survive with or without oxygen

Back 16

facultative anaerobes

Front 17

a type of asexual reproduction in which a
prokaryote grows to nearly double its size, replicates its DNA, and divides in half, producing two
identical “daughter” cells

Back 17

binary fission

Front 18

A hollow bridge forms between two cells, and genes move from one cell to another in a process called

Back 18

conjugation

Front 19

most prokaryotes reproduce by conjugation

Back 19

false

Front 20

type of spore that is formed when a bacterium produces a thick internal wall that encloses its DNA and a portion of its cytoplasm

Back 20

endospore

Front 21

how does nitrogen fixation help plants

Back 21

Plants use the nitrogen to build amino acids.

Front 22

disease-causing agents

Back 22

pathogens

Front 23

What are the two general ways that bacteria cause disease?

Back 23

1.Some damage the tissues of the infected organism directly by breaking them down for food.
2.Others release toxins that harm the body.

Front 24

compounds that block the growth and reproduction of bacteria.

Back 24

antibiotics

Front 25

In the production of what foods are bacteria used?

Back 25

include cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, sour cream, pickles, and vinegar

Front 26

How can bacteria be used to clean up an oil spill?

Back 26

One type of bacterium can digest petroleum

Front 27

What have biotechnology companies begun to realize about
bacteria adapted to extreme environments?

Back 27

Those bacteria may be a rich source of heat-stable enzymes, which can be used in medicine, food production, and industrial chemistry.

Front 28

a way of destroying bacteria by subjecting them either to great heat or to chemical action

Back 28

sterilization

Front 29

a chemical solution that kills bacteria

Back 29

disinfectant

Front 30

particles of nucleic acid, protein, and in some cases lipids that can reproduce only by infecting living cells

Back 30

viruses

Front 31

Most viruses are so small that they can be seen only with the aid of a powerful electron
microscope.

Back 31

true

Front 32

a virus's protein coat

Back 32

capsid

Front 33

viruses that infect bacteria

Back 33

bacteriophage

Front 34

Why is the process called a lytic infection?

Back 34

The host cell is lysed and destroyed.

Front 35

the viral DNA that is embedded in the host’s DNA.

Back 35

prophage

Front 36

What are some human diseases that viruses cause

Back 36

Viruses cause polio, measles, AIDS, mumps, influenza, yellow fever, rabies, and the common cold.

Front 37

a preparation of weakened or killed virus or viral proteins.

Back 37

vaccine

Front 38

How does a vaccine prevent a viral disease when injected into the body?

Back 38

It stimulates the immune system, sometimes producing permanent immunity to the disease

Front 39

Cancer-causing viruses are known as

Back 39

oncogenic viruses

Front 40

viruses that contain RNA as their genetic information

Back 40

retroviruses

Front 41

What happens when retroviruses infect a cell?

Back 41

They produce a DNA copy of their RNA. This DNA is inserted into the DNA of the host cell.

Front 42

A disease-causing particle that contains only protein and not DNA or RNA

Back 42

prion

Front 43

why do biologists not consider viruses to be alive?

Back 43

They can’t reproduce independently.

Front 44

process of turning nitrogen gas into ammonia

Back 44

nitrogen fixation

Front 45

process in which a virus enters a cell, makes a copy of itself, and causes the cell to burst

Back 45

lytic infection

Front 46

process by which a virus embeds its DNA into the DNA of the host cell and is replicated along with the host cell's DNA

Back 46

lysogenic infection

Front 47

the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities

Back 47

classification

Front 48

called the "father of taxonomy"

Back 48

Carolus Linnaeus

Front 49

the classification system in which each species is assigned a 2-part scientific name

Back 49

Binomial Nomenclature

Front 50

the first domain

Back 50

Archaea

Front 51

scientific name for humans

Back 51

Homo Sapiens

Front 52

another name for classification

Back 52

Taxonomy

Front 53

the first taxonomist and divided organisms into plants and animals

Back 53

Aristotle

Front 54

the second domain

Back 54

Eubacteria

Front 55

kingdom of Eukarya domain and are multicellular, heterotrophs, and have cell walls

Back 55

Fungi

Front 56

kingdom of Eukarya domain and are multicellular, ingestive heterotophs, and feed on plants or animals

Back 56

Animalia

Front 57

list in order of the Taxonomic Groups

Back 57

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species