Biology: Chapter 12

Front 1

Transformation

Back 1

one strain of bacteria changing genes to form another bacteria

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Back 2

Avery and other scientists discovered that the nucleic acid DNA stores and transmits the genetic information from one generation of an organism to the next

Front 3

Bacteriophage

Back 3

a virus that infects bacteria

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Hershey and Chase concluded that the genetic material of a bacteriophage was DNA, not protein

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nucleotides

Back 5

monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

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Rosalind Franklin studied DNA using a technique called X-ray diffraction

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Watson and Crick's model of DNA was a doubel helix, in which two strands were wound around each other

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Base Pairing

Back 8

principle that hydrogen bonds in DNA can only be formed between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine

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Chromatin

Back 9

consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins

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Histones

Back 10

protein molecule in which DNA is tightly coiled around in chromatin

Front 11

Replication

Back 11

process in which a cell copies its DNA

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Back 12

During DNA replication, the DNA molecule separates into 2 strands, then produces two new complementary strands. Each strand of th double helix serves as a model for the new strand.

Front 13

DNA Polymerase

Back 13

enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce DNA. Also proofreads each new DNA strand

Front 14

Genes

Back 14

coded DNA instructions that control the production of protein within the cell

Front 15

Protein Synthesis

Back 15

the assembly of amino acids into proteins; controlled by RNA

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Three main types of RNA: messenger, ribosomal, and transfer

Front 17

Messenger RNA

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a molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell

Front 18

Ribosomal RNA

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type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes

Front 19

Transfer DNA

Back 19

type of RNA that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis

Front 20

Transcription

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process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complimentary sequence of RNA

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RNA Polymerase

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binds DNA and separates DNA strands during transcription

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During transcripton, RNA polymerase binds to DNa and separates the strands.

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Promotors

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regions of DNA with certian base sequences that RNA polymerase binds to

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Intron

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a sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protien

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Exon

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codes for a protein: the expressed sequence of DNA

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Codon

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threee consecutive nucleotides that specify a single amino acid

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Translation

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the decoding of an mRNA into a protein ; takes place in ribosomes

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During translation, the cell uses info from the mRNA to produce proteins

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Anticondon

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three unpaired bases on tRNA that are complementary to the mRNA codon

Front 30

Mutations

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changes in the genetic material

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Point Mutations

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a mutation changing one or a few nucleotides; includes substitutions, insertions, or removals

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Point Mutations

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a mutation changing one or a few nucleotides; includes substitutions, insertions, or removals

Front 33

Frameshift Mutations

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mutation that shifts the reading frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide

Front 34

Frameshift Mutations

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mutation that shifts the reading frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide

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Chromosomal mutations invlove changes in the whole chromosome

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Chromosomal mutations invlove changes in the whole chromosome