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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define a compound
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A substance formed by the reaction of two or more chemical elements.
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Describe the structure of an atom
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Niels Bohr was a Danish scientist who introduced the model of an atom in 1913. Bohr's model consists of a central nucleus surrounded by tiny particles called electrons that are orbiting the nucleus in a cloud. These electrons are spinning so fast around the nucleus of the atom that they would be just a blur if we could see particles that small.
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What is covalent bonding?
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Covalent bonds occur when two atoms share electrons to stabilize each other.
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Distinguish among non-polar covalent bonds, polar covalent bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrogen bonds, noting their relative strengths and how and where they form
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A noncovalent bond is a type of chemical bond, typically between macromolecules, that does not involve the sharing of pairs of electrons, but rather involves more dispersed variations of electromagnetic interactions
Polar Covalent Bonding is an unequal relationship creates a polar covalent bond Ionic Bonding is a bond formed by the attraction between two oppositely charged ions. Hydrogen Bonding is the attractive interaction of a hydrogen atom with an electronegative atom, like nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine. |
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Describe the special properities of wate that make it vital to living systems:
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Water is the solvent of life. No living thing can be fully functional without water. Solvent means it can take things apart which is necessary to break down the food we ingest in order to make ATP. The water in our body dissipates heat energy and allows us to keep a temp of 98.6.
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What number is a NEUTRAL PH?
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seven
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Is Water polar or nonpolar?
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Polar, it sticks to itself because it is polar.
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Explain how the special properities of water are related to hydrogen bonding.
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it is responsible for a number of water's physical properties. One such property is its relatively high melting and boiling point temperatures;
The extra bonding between water molecules also gives liquid water a large specific heat capacity |
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Explain how acids and bases directly or indirectly affect the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
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Acids are any substance that yields hydrogen ions when put in aqueous (water) solution.
Bases are any substance that accepts hydrogen ions in aqueous (water) solution. The H in PH stands for Hydrogen, the P stands for power. As a solution becomes more “basic”, its PH RISES. Thus, the higher the PH, the more basic the solution the lower the PH the more acidic. Again 7 is a NEUTRAL ph. |
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What is chemical bonding?
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The process of chemical combination and rearrangement.
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Hydrocarbon is…
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A combination of hydrogen and carbon
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A Hydroxide ion is…
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Strongly basic OH ion, often used to shift solutions toward neutral or basic on the PH scale.
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A Molecule is…
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A compound composed of a defined number of atoms existing in a defined spatial relationship to one another.
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A PH Scale is…
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A scale used in measuring the relative acidity of a substance. 0 is the most acidic on the scale and 14 is the most basic. 7 is neutral.
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What is Specific Heat?
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The amount of energy needed to raise the temp of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius
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What is a Structural Model?
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A 3d based symbolic structure of how a substance or subject will look.
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Alkaline is…
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Basic as in solutions. The opposite of acidic.
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What is an ion?
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An atom that has positive or negative charge because it has fewer or more electrons than protons.
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Ionic Bonding is…
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A linkage in which two or more ions are bonded to each other by virtue of their opposite charge.
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Covalent Bonding is…
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A chemical bond in which 2 atoms are linked through a sharing of electrons.
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Hydrogen Bonding is…
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A chemical bond that links an already covalently bonded hydrogen atom with a second, relatively electronegative atom.
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A neutron is…
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A basic constituent of an atom possessing no electrical charge and found in the atoms nucleus.
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A Polar Covalent Bond is…
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A type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared unequally between atoms so that one end of the molecule has a slight negative charge and the other a slight positive charge.
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A solute is…
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The substance being dissolved by a solvent.
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Is Water a solvent?
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Yes.
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An Atomic Number is…
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The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
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An Electron is…
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A basic constituent of an atom that has a negative charge.
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Hydrophillic is
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Being able to form chemical compounds with water molecules.
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Hydrophobic is
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Being unable to form chemical compounds with water molecules.
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An Isotope is…
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An element defined by the number of neutrons it has.
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Nonpolar Covalent Bonding is…
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A type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between atoms.
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Polarity is…
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A difference in electrical charge at one end of a molecule
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A solution is…
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A homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances.
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A base is…
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Any substance that accepts hydrogen ions in solution. Always has a number higher than 7 on PH scale.
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What is a molecular formulae?
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A notation specifying the elements in a molecule.
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A nucleus is…
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A membrane lined compartment that encloses the primary complementof DNA in eukaryotic cells.
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A proton is …
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A basic constituent of an atom found in the nucleus of the atom and having a positive charge.
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What is a solvent…
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The substance in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution.
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Explain why carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form large, diverse molecules.
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carbon is capable of making up to four bonds to (possibly) four different molecules. This allows for a staggering number of combinations to occur, allowing carbon to be the center of any number of organic compounds. Couple this with its relatively small atomic diameter, which gives it the ability to form flexible double and triple bonds
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An organic compound is…
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is any member of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon
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What is a carbon skeleton?
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The chains, branches and/or rings of carbon atoms that form the basis of the structure of an organic molecule.
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An Isomer is…
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Molecules that have the same chemical formulae but differ in the spatial arrangement of their elements.
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Describe the properties of and distinguish among the five functional groups of organic molecules.
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Hydroxyl group -- hydroxyl is a compound containing an oxygen atom bound covalently with a hydrogen atom
Carbonyl group – a carbonyl group is a functional group composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom Usually found in long fatty acid molucules and is used as a link. Carboxyl group – Carboxyl group (COOH) It’s a carbon with 2 oxygens and a hydrogen. Amino group – in chemistry, functional group that consists of a nitrogen atom attached by single bonds to hydrogen atoms Phosphate group -- the structural formula of the phosphoric acid. In more basic aqueous solutions, the group donates the two hydrogen atoms and ionizes as a phosphate group with a negative charge of 2. |
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List the four classes of macromolecule:
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1. Carbohydrates –(Sugars, Starches) These are an excellent source of immediate energy for the body.
2. Lipids (usually non-polar so are not water soluble in your body) 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids |
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Explain the relationship between monomers and polymers:
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Polymers are many monomers combined
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Compare the processes of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis:
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Dehydration means to take water out. Theus when you use dehydration synthesis, you are building something up while taking water out.
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Describe the structures, functions, properties, and types of carbohydrate molecules.
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Monosaccharides are water-soluble compounds. Contain one carbonyl group and one or more hydroxyl groups. Most natural monosachharides have either five (pentoses) or six (hexoses) carbon atoms.
Oligosaccharides These are relatively low molecular weight polymers of monosaccharides covalently bonded through glycosidic linkages. Polysaccharides are high molecular weight polymers of monosaccharides. |
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Describe the structures, functions, properties, and types of lipid molecules.
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A molecule whose main characteristic is its insolubility in water.
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Describe the structures, functions, properties, and types of proteins.
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A large polymer of amino acids. Forms of proteins include enzymes, structural proteins and hormones.
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Compare the structures and functions of DNA and RNA.
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Both are nucleic acids. RNA can have more variety of nucleic acid bases because it has an extra oxygen/hydrogen atom called a hydroxyl.
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What is a fatty acid?
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A molecule found in lipids composed of a hydrocarbon chain bonded to a carboxyl group.
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Lipid is…
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A molecule whose principal difference is it is insoluble in water.
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What is a GlycoProtein?
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A molecule that combines protein and carbohydrates.
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What is Quaternary Structure?
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The way in which two or more polypeptide chains form a protein.
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What is a nucleotide?
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The building block of nucleic acids including DNA and RNA.
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What is a Phospholipid?
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A charged lipid molecule composed of two fatty acids, glycerol and a phosphate group.
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Lipoprotein’s are …
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A molecule composed of a lipid and a protein.
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What is a tertiary structure?
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The large scale twists and turns in a protein formation.
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What is triglyceride?
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A lipid molecule formed from 3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol.
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What is starch?
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A complex carbohydrate. Serves as major source of storage in plants.
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What is wax?
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A lipid composed of a single fatty acid linked to a long chain of alcohol.
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What is Glycogen?
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A complex carbohydrate that serves as primary way animals store protein.
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What is a carbohydrate?
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A molecule of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen.
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Steroids are…
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A member of the lipid molecules with four carbon rings as a central element.
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Explain why there are upper and lower limits to cell size.
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Because as the surface of an object increases, its volume increases even more. Beyond a certain volume, a cell simply wouldn’t have enough surface area to import/export materials.
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Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
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Prokaryotic cells lack a membrane around their chromosomes
Eukaryotic cells have a membrane around their chromosomes |
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Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells:
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Because the Eukaryotic Cell has much more DNA and its cells are bigger
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Describe the structure and functions of cell organelles.
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A highly organized structure internal to the cell.
One form of organelles are mitochondria which transform energy from food Another form of organelle is lyosomes which recycle the raw materials of the cell |
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Compare a plant cell to an animal cell.
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Plant cells have most of the structures found in animal cells such as :
1. Ribosomes 2. A cell nucleus 3. A rough ER (endoscopic reticulum) But, plant cells do not have the Lysosomes found in animal cells. Plant cells also have 3 things not found in animal cells 4. A cell wall 5. A large central vacuole 6. Organelles called chloroplasts |
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Describe the types of cell junctions.
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A protein assembly that forms a communication channel between adjacent animal cells
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Explain how membranes help organize the chemical activities of a cell.
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They control water movement in and out of the cell.
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Relate the structure of phospholipid molecules to the structure and properties of cell membranes.
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Lipid molecules are free to diffuse and exhibit rapid lateral diffusion along the layer in which they are present.
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Describe the fluid mosaic structure of cell membranes.
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Can be seen when the membrane proteins of two cells (e.g., a human cell and a mouse cell) are tagged with different-coloured fluorescent labels. When the two cells are fused, the two colours intermix, indicating that the proteins are free to move in the 2D plane
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Describe the diverse functions of membrane proteins.
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1. Insures stability of the cell
2. Allows cells to identify each other and interact 3. Carry and channel proteins |
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Define diffusion and describe the process of passive transport.
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The movement of ions from areas of high concentration to low.
Passive Transport is transport of materials across the cells membrane that involve no expenditure of energy. |
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Explain how transport proteins facilitate diffusion.
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Their transport must therefore be "facilitated" by proteins that span the membrane
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Explain how osmosis can be considered to be the diffusion of water across a membrane.
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Because it is the movement of water across a membrane from lowest to highest concentration.
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Hypertonic is…
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A high concentration of solutes
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Hypotonic is…
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A low concentration of solutes
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Isotonic is…
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The same concentration of solutes
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Explain how plant and animal cells change when placed into hypertonic or hypotonic solutions.
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In a hypertonic solution plant and animal cells shrink
In a hypotonic solution plant cells become turgid, animal cells burst. |
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Compare the processes of facilitated diffusion and active transport.
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Facilitated diffusion is passage of materials through the membrane with the aid of a transport protein, it is a form of active transport.
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Exocytosis is…
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The movement of materials out of the cell through a fusion of transport vesicle with the plasma membrane.
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Endocytosis is…
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The movement of large materials into the cell by an infolding of the plasma membrane.
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Phagocytosis is…
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Cell Eating
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Pinocytosis is…
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The movement of materials into the cell by transport vesicles
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What is receptor mediated endocytosis?
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a process by which cells internalize molecules (endocytosis) by the inward budding of plasma membrane vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being internalized.
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Cytoskeleton is…
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A network of protein filaments that functions in cell structure, movement, and transport.
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Cytosol is…
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The protein rich jelly like fluid in which a cells organelles outside the nucleus are immersed in.
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Golgi Complex is…
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A network of membranes found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that processes/distributes proteins
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Flagella are…
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Long tail like extensions of some cells
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Gap Junction is…
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A protein assemblage that forms communication chanel between cells
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Nucleolus is…
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The area in the nucleus which produces RNA
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What is Glycocalyx?
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Outer layer of plasma membrane composed of short carbohydrate chains that attach to proteins.
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What is nuclear envelope?
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Double membrane that lines the nucleus
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Concentration Gradient…
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A gradient defined by the difference between the highest and lowest concentration of solute.
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A micrograph is ..
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A picture taken with the aid of a microscope.
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