Biology B3

Front 1

Biology

Back 1

B3

Front 2

What is osmosis?

Back 2

The movement of water through a partially permeable membrane from a high water concentration to a low water concentration

Front 3

Why does osmosis happen?

Back 3

Because of random movement of molecules.

When molecules hit the partially permeable membrane only water will travel through because other particles are too big.

Front 4

What does isotonic mean?

Back 4

A substance that is the same concentration as blood should be.

Front 5

What do sports drinks contain?

Back 5

Sucrose to replace sugars lost in respiration and water and ions which are lost in sweat.

Front 6

What is the difference between animal and plant cells when they are in a substance more dilute than the cytoplasm?

Back 6

Animal cells burst

Plant cells become turgid which is good as this is what keeps the plant rigid.

Front 7

What is the difference between animal and plant cells when they are in a substance less dilute than the cytoplasm?

Back 7

Animal cells shrink.

Plant cells' membrane pulls away from the cell wall.

Front 8

Why is the cell wall important in plant cells?

Back 8

It stops them from bursting or shrinking if they don't have the right amount of water.

Front 9

What is active transport?

Back 9

A type of transport that moves against the concentration gradient and requires energy.

Front 10

How is the energy for this produced?

Back 10

Cell respiration

Front 11

How and where is active transport used in a plant?

Back 11

In root cells to absorb minerals (e.g nitrates) from liquid in soil.

Front 12

How does active transport happen?

Back 12

Proteins in the cell membrane transport molecules from surroundings into the cell.

Front 13

What organelle do cells which use active transport have a lot of?

Back 13

MITOCHONDRIA

Front 14

Where are some exchange surfaces in the body?

Back 14

Lungs

Intestines

Kidneys

Front 15

What adaptation does the small intestine have to help it absorb nutrients from food?

Back 15

Villi

Front 16

What adaptation do lungs have to help them absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide?

Back 16

Alveoli

Front 17

What do kidneys have to get rid of urea from the blood?

Back 17

Nephrons!

Front 18

How are villi adapted for exchange?

Back 18

Large surface area

Front 19

How are alveoli adapted for exchange?

Back 19

Flattened cells (therefore small distance for diffusion)

Front 20

How are nephrons adapted for exchange?

Back 20

Constant blood flow (concentration gradient is kept constant)

Front 21

How is the small intestine adapted for exchange?

Back 21

Villi

Thin walls

Proteins for active transport

Dense network of blood capillaries

Front 22

Where does gas exchange happen?

Back 22

In the thousands of alveoli in the lungs

Front 23

Where does air pass through to reach the alveoli?

Back 23

Trachea, bronchi and bronchioles

Front 24

How are the alveoli and capillaries in the lungs adapted for gas exchange?

Back 24

They are only one cell thick so diffusion distance is short

Front 25

How is the concentration gradient needed for diffusion maintained?

Back 25

The diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax and contract.

Front 26

How do we breathe in?

(inspiration)

Back 26

Ribs move outwards

Diaphragm contracts (moves down)

Intercostal muscles contract

Front 27

How do we breathe out?

(expiration)

Back 27

Ribs move inwards

Diaphragm relaxes (moves up)

Intercostal muscles relax

Front 28

How are plants adapted for their needs?

Back 28

Large flat leaves to absorb light

Stomata to absorb carbon dioxide

Thin leaves for easy gas diffusion

Root hair cells to absorb water and minerals

Front 29

How are cells arranged in leaves?

Back 29

At the top the cells are packed together tightly to trap all of the light.

In the middle there are gaps so gas can diffuse in and out of cells.

Front 30

What is transpiration?

Back 30

The diffusion of water from the stomata

Front 31

How does water leave the plant?

Back 31

Water moves across the cell membrane and evaporates from the cell wall.

Water vapour then moves to the stomata, which may be opened or closed by the guard cells.

Front 32

What happens when water diffuses out of the stomata?

Back 32

Water and minerals are drawn into the roots.

Front 33

What factors increase the transpiration rate

Back 33

High temperatures (molecules have more energy)

Wind (water is taken away from the leaf)

Dry weather (larger concentration gradient)

Front 34

What is a function of transpiration for plants in hot climates?

Back 34

Can act as a coolant to stop the plant from burning on hot days.

Front 35

What are the top parts of the heart called?

Back 35

Atria!!!

Front 36

What are the bottom parts of the heart called?

Back 36

Ventricles!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Front 37

What is the term for veins and arteries connected to the lungs?

Back 37

Pulmonary

Front 38

Which side has lots of oxygen?

Back 38

The left

Front 39

Which side has very little oxygen?

Back 39

The right

Front 40

What does the blood leave the heart to go to the body through?

Back 40

The aorta

Front 41

What does the blood return to the heart from the body through?

Back 41

The vena cava

Front 42

Describe arteries

Back 42

They carry blood away from the heart

They carry blood under high pressure so have thick elastic walls

Front 43

What do coronary arteries do?

Back 43

Deliver blood to the heart

Front 44

Describe capillaries

Back 44

They carry blood cells and are needed for transport

They are one cell thick for easy diffusion

Front 45

Describe veins

Back 45

They carry blood away from the heart

They carry blood under low pressure so have valves to prevent back flow

Front 46

What can be inserted into the coronary artery in case of cholesterol/ plaque build up?

Back 46

A stent

Front 47

Describe plasma

Back 47

Pale yellow

Carries dissolves nutrients (glucose, amino acids)

And waste (CO2, urea)

Front 48

What do red blood cells contain?

Back 48

Haemoglobin

Front 49

What are platelets needed for?

Back 49

Blood clotting (e.g scabs)

Front 50

What changes occur in the blood?

Back 50

Lungs exchange gas

Small intestine absorbs nutrients

Kidneys diffuse out urea

Front 51

What do xylem transport?

Back 51

Water and dissolved minerals (1 direction)

Front 52

What do phloem transport?

Back 52

Dissolved sugars (2 direction)

Front 53

How can transpiration be measured?

Back 53

Using a photometer

Front 54

What is urea?

Back 54

A waste product made from excess amino acids in the liver

Front 55

What do kidneys do?

Back 55

Filter blood, absorbing everything except cells and large molecules

Front 56

What happens to useful nutrients?

Back 56

They are re-absorbed

Front 57

What is homeostasis?

Back 57

Keeping body levels constant (e.g temperature and water)

Front 58

How can kidney failure be treated?

Back 58

Dialysis or transplant

Front 59

What are advantages of kidney transplants?

Back 59

If it works the patient doesn't have to use dialysis so can have a normal life.

Front 60

What are disadvantages of kidney transplants?

Back 60

The risk of kidneys being rejected or their not being enough kidneys available.

Front 61

What does a dialysis machine do?

Back 61

It acts as a substitute kidney, removing waste from blood. It has to be used more than once a week and doesn't cure patients.

Front 62

What do patients with donor kidneys have to do?

Back 62

Take immunosuppressant drugs for the rest of their lives to stop their immune system from attacking the kidney.

Front 63

What part of the brain controls temperature?

Back 63

The thermoregulatory centre

Front 64

How does the body react to being too hot?

Back 64

Blood vessels dilate to be closer to the surface so that more heat is lost by radiation.

We sweat and heat energy is used to evaporate the sweat.

Front 65

How does the body react to being too cold?

Back 65

Blood vessels contract so that blood is kept away from the skin.

Muscles contract rapidly to make us shiver, this requires energy from respiration which heats the body up.

Front 66

What happens if body temp is too hot or cold?

Back 66

When cells are too cold, chemical reactions happen much slower.

When cells are too hot enzymes can be denatured which stops reactions.

Front 67

What happens if glucose levels are too low?

Back 67

Brain cells are affected and the person could faint.

Front 68

What happens if glucose levels are too high?

Back 68

Water leaves the cells by osmosis and can cause permanent damage.

Front 69

What is the role of the pancreas?

Back 69

To release hormones when blood sugar levels are too high or low.

Front 70

What do people with type 1 diabetes have to do to maintain a healthy lifestyle?

Back 70

Eat little amounts and often

Inject insulin before meals

Be careful about the amount of exercise they do

Front 71

What is insulin?

Back 71

A hormone produced in the pancreas that tells the liver to store glucose as glycogen.

Front 72

What is glucagon?

Back 72

A hormone produced in the pancreas that tells the liver to break down glycogen into glucose and release it into the blood.

Front 73

What negative effect does sewage have on aquatic life?

Back 73

It lowers the oxygen concentration which kills some animals which live in water.

Front 74

How can air be polluted?

Back 74

By smoke from fossil fuels which can cause asthma

By sulfur dioxide which can cause acid rain

Front 75

How can land be polluted

Back 75

By pesticides and herbicides

Front 76

Why does deforestation happen?

Back 76

For timber

So that land can be used for cattle, or growing crops for food or biofuel

Front 77

Why doesn't vegetation rot in peat bogs?

Back 77

There are low oxygen levels because of the amount of water. Bacteria need oxygen to function.

Front 78

What are some effects of climate change?

Back 78

Droughts, floods, rising sea level, extinction of species, change in migration patterns

Front 79

What is a replacement fuel for fossil fuels?

Back 79

!!!!!!BIOFUELS!!!!!!

Front 80

What is unsustainable fishing?

Back 80

When fish are caught faster than they can breed

Front 81

What are some ways to fish sustainably?

Back 81

Using nets with bigger holes (so little fish can get away)

Imposing quotas on the amount of fish that can be caught

Not fishing during breeding season

Front 82

What is mycroprotein?

Back 82

A high protein alternative to fish and meat that can be made to look like food. (Used in quorn)

Front 83

What fungus is mycoprotein made of?

Back 83

Fusarium

Front 84

What is regulated when making mycoprotein?

Back 84

Ph levels

Oxygen levels

Temperature

Front 85

THE

Back 85

END