Biology 4

Front 1

Monohybrid cross

Back 1

A cross that differs in only one characteristic

Front 2

For each characteristic an organism inherits how many alleles?

Back 2

2

Front 3

An organisms physical traits are called?

Back 3

phenotype

Front 4

An organisms genetic makeup is called

Back 4

Genotype

Front 5

When an organism has identical alleles for a gene it is called

Back 5

homozygous

Front 6

when an organism has different alleles for a gene it is called

Back 6

Heterozygous

Front 7

What are the two hypotheses for gene assortment in a dihybrid cross?

Back 7

-Dependant assortment
-Independent assortment

Front 8

Most human genetic disorders are what?

Back 8

Recessive

Front 9

Achondroplasia is a form of what?

Back 9

Dwarfism

Front 10

The immune system produces what?

Back 10

Blood proteins

Front 11

What can happen if blood cells of a different type enter the body?

Back 11

Clotting

Front 12

Genes located close together on a chromosome are known as?

Back 12

Linked genes

Front 13

An organism's genotype is the sequence of what?

Back 13

nucleotide bases in DNA

Front 14

What happens in Transcription?

Back 14

DNA to RNA

Front 15

What happens in Translation?

Back 15

RNA to Protein

Front 16

What is the second phase of Transcription?

Back 16

elongation

Front 17

What is the 3rd phase of transcription?

Back 17

termination

Front 18

what organelles make polypeptides?

Back 18

Ribosomes

Front 19

What is the first phase of translation?

Back 19

Initiation

Front 20

Elongation continues until the ribosomes reach what?

Back 20

a stop codon

Front 21

In eukaryotic cells, where does transcription and translation take place?

Back 21

Transcription=in the nucleus
Translation= in the cytoplasm

Front 22

any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA is known as?

Back 22

a mutation

Front 23

What are the two general categories of mutations?

Back 23

Insertion and Deletions

Front 24

Control sequences

Back 24

stretches of DNA that coordinate gene expression

Front 25

a cluster of genes with related functions is called?

Back 25

an operon

Front 26

What were Mendel's four hypotheses?

Back 26

1. There are alternative forms of genes called alleles
2. For each characteristic, an organism inherits 2 alleles, one from each parent
3. Alleles can be dominant or recessive
4. Gametes carry only one allele for each inherited characteristic

Front 27

Mendel's law of segregation states that

Back 27

Two members of an allele pair segregate from each other during the production of gametes.

Front 28

What are 2 characteristics of Homologous chromosomes?

Back 28

-Have genes at specific loci
-Have alleles of a gene at same locus.

Front 29

PP and aa would be examples of what type of allele?

Back 29

Homozygous

Front 30

Bb is an example of what type of allele?

Back 30

Heterozygous

Front 31

3 purple : 1 white, is showing what type of ratio?

Back 31

Phenotypic

Front 32

1PP: 2Pp: 1pp is showing what type of ratio?

Back 32

Genotypic

Front 33

Mendel's law if independent assortment state that?

Back 33

Each pair of alleles segregates independently of the other pairs during gamete formation.

Front 34

A family pedigree shows what?

Back 34

the history of a trait in a family

Front 35

Incomplete dominance

Back 35

When hybrids have an appearance in between the phenotypes of the two parents

Front 36

ABO blood groups in Humans are an example of what?

Back 36

Multiple alleles

Front 37

When alleles exhibit codominance it means what?

Back 37

Both alleles are expressed in the phenotype.

Front 38

The behavior of what during meiosis and fertilization account for inheritance patterns.

Back 38

Chromosomes

Front 39

Genes located on a sex chromosomes are called?

Back 39

Sex-linked genes

Front 40

What are the 4 nucleotides found in DNA?

Back 40

thymine, cytosine, adenine and Guanine

Front 41

What are the 4 nucleotides found in RNA?

Back 41

Uracil, cytosine, adenine and guanine

Front 42

What type of bonding is found in DNA?

Back 42

Hydrogen

Front 43

The enzyme known as the "unwinder" of DNA is called what?

Back 43

Helicase

Front 44

What holds open the DNA during reproduction?

Back 44

Single stranded proteins

Front 45

Each segment or "chunk" in DNA replication is known as what?

Back 45

Okazaki fragments

Front 46

Genetic Information in DNA is transcribed into RNA and then translated into what?

Back 46

polypeptides

Front 47

Triplets of bases specify all the what?

Back 47

Amino Acids

Front 48

Sequences of 3 bases are called what?

Back 48

Codons

Front 49

What is the Language of nucleic acids in DNA?

Back 49

Sequences of nucleotide bases

Front 50

What is the result of transcribed DNA

Back 50

RNA

Front 51

We call the set of rules relating to nucleotide sequence to amino acid sequence what?

Back 51

genetic code

Front 52

What is the enzyme that makes protein?

Back 52

RNA polymerase

Front 53

The "Start transcribing" signal is a nucleotide sequence called a what?

Back 53

Promoter

Front 54

What two things happen during transcription?

Back 54

-RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter
-RNA synthesis begins

Front 55

What happens during elongation?

Back 55

The RNA strand grows longer

Front 56

What happens during termination?

Back 56

RNA polymerase reaches a sequence of DNA bases called a terminator.

Front 57

RNA processing includes what 3 things?

Back 57

-Adding a cap and tail
-Removing introns
-splicing exons together

Front 58

Which exits the nucleus, exons or introns?

Back 58

Exons

Front 59

what does the m and t mean in mRNA and tRNA?

Back 59

m= messenger
t= transfer

Front 60

What 3 thing does tRNA do?

Back 60

-Acts as a molecular interpreter
-carries amino acids
-matches amino acids with codons in mRNA using anticodons.

Front 61

What does tRNA use to match codons in mRNA?

Back 61

anticodons

Front 62

What is the last letter in a codon called?

Back 62

Wobble

Front 63

What 3 things does the first phase of Translation bring together

Back 63

-the mRNA
-the first amino acid with its attached tRNA
-The two subunits of the ribosome

Front 64

mRNA's cap and tail help it bind to what?

Back 64

the ribosome

Front 65

What happens during step one of elongation?

Back 65

Codon recognition, the anticodon of an incoming tRNA pairs with the mRNA codon.

Front 66

What happens during the second step of elongation?

Back 66

peptide bond formation, the ribosome catalyzes bond formation between amino acids

Front 67

What happens during the third step of elongation?

Back 67

Translocation, a tRNA leaves the P site of the ribosome. The ribosome moves down the mRNA

Front 68

Mutations can result from what two things?

Back 68

-errors in the DNA replication
-Physical or chemical agents called mutagens

Front 69

What can alter gene expression based on environmental factors?

Back 69

Bacteria

Front 70

A cluster of genes with related functions, including the control sequence are know as?

Back 70

An operon

Front 71

What are the two parts of an operon?

Back 71

Promoter, operator

Front 72

The site where the transcription enzyme initiates transcription

Back 72

promoter

Front 73

RNA polymerase binds to what site?

Back 73

a promoter

Front 74

The regulatory part of an operon is the?

Back 74

operator

Front 75

what is an operator?

Back 75

a DNA sequence between the promoter and the enzyme genes

Front 76

What acts as the on/off switch for genes?

Back 76

the operator

Front 77

what sits on the operator to act as a road blocker?

Back 77

The repressor

Front 78

The many proteins involved in transcriptional regulation in eukaryotes are collectively known as?

Back 78

transcription factors

Front 79

Transcription factors bind to DNA sequences called?

Back 79

enhancers

Front 80

What do repressor proteins do? How do they do this?

Back 80

inhibit transcription, by binding to DNA sequences called silencers.