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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is an extremophile? |
An archaea that lives in a very harsh environment |
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What is an Archaea? |
a single-celled micro-organism, also is prokaryotic |
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What does it mean to be prokaryotic? |
The cell does not have a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organisms in their cells |
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How does Archaea reproduce? |
asexually by binary fission |
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Which is more diverse, archaea or bacteria? |
Bacteria
Archaea has about 5 phylum in it's domain. Bacteria has ~50 |
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What is Rhizobium? |
Bacteria in soil (inside plant roots) that fix nitrogen |
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What are hypothermophiles? |
Archaea that cannot grow in environments less than 848C. |
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What does Paraphyletic mean? |
it contains all the decendants of the last common ancestor minus a very small amount |
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What are the most abundant organisms on earth? |
Bacteria and Archaea |
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What is N-cycling? |
The process by which nitrogen is converted between various chemical forms |
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What are the 5 Phyla of Archaea? |
Kor, Nano, Thaum, Cren, and Eury
(all end it archaeota) |
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______________ displays the greatest body diversity among the bacteria phyla. |
Cyanobacteria |
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What are thylakoids? |
flat tubular membranes that contain large amounts of chlorophyll which assists in photosynthesis |
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What do Magnetosomes do? |
Magnetosomes help the bacteria to orient themselves in space and thereby locate the submerged, low-oxygen habitats they prefer. |
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What do the nucleus-like bodies do? |
they isolate the DNA from being interfered with by other cellular influences |
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List the 5 common shapes that Prokaryotic cells have and what they look like: |
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Many bacteria exude a coat of slimy mucilage, sometimes called a ___________. |
glycocalyx |
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What are Biofilms? |
Aggregations of microorganisms that secrete mucilage so that they may adhere to surfaces |
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What is a polymer composed of carbohydrates that is an important part of the cell wall for most bacteria? |
Peptidoglycan |
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What's the difference between Gram + and Gram - cell walls? |
Gram + have a thick peptidoglycan layer and Gram - has a very thin layer |
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Which gram bacteria (+/-) is more susceptible to antibiotics? |
Gram + |
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What are the 3 things bacterial flagella LACK that eukaryotic flagella have? |
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What are Pilli? |
threadlike cell surfaces that help a bacteria move |
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What is a Biofilm? |
a grouping of microorganisms in which cells stick to each other on a surface |
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Quorum sensing is what? |
A system of stimulation and response to figure out a population density |
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What is Binary Fission? |
The process of cell division in Bacteria and Archaea where one cell divides into two cells using a protein known as FtsZ. |
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For example, aquatic filamentous cyanobacteria often produce ___________, large, food-filled cells, when winter/unfavorable conditions approach. |
akinetes |
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What is an Endospore? |
A cell with a tough coat that grows inside a bacteria and releases when the enclosing bacterial cell breaks down and dies. |
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What is horizontal/lateral gene transfer? |
the transmission of DNA between 2 different genomes, made possible by transformation, conjugation, and transduction.
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What is vertical gene transfer? |
The transfer of genes from parents to offspring |
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Reproduction
What is tranformation in bacteria:
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modification of a cell or bacterium by the uptake and incorporation of extracellular DNA |
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Reproduction
What is conjugation in bacteria:
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In bacteria, the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined. |
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Reproduction
What is transduction in bacteria: |
the process of transfering genetic material from one cell to another by a plasmid or bacteriophage |
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How do photoautotrophs get their energy? |
light |
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How do chemoautotrophs get their energy? |
inorganic compounds |
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How do photoheterotrophs get their energy? |
light |
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How dohemoheterotrophs get their energy? |
Organic compounds |
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What do you call a microorganism that requires oxygen to live? |
obligate aerobe |
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Facultative aerobes can use __(a)___ via _____(b)____ ___________, and obtain energy via _____(c)___ ______________, depending on the environmental conditions. |
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What microorganism does not use O2? |
Aerotolerant anaerobes |
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What is an oblicate anaerobe? |
a microorganism that dies in normal atmospheric conditions of oxygen |
