Biology: Bacteria

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Kingdom Monera is subdivided into four phyla:

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Archaebacteria, Schizophyta, Cyanophyta, and Prochlorophyta.

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Monerans are usually

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spherical, rod-shaped, or spiral.

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Spherical monerans are called

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Cocci

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Rod-shaped monerans are called

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bacilli

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Spiral Monerans are called

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Spirilli

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Prefix Staphylo

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used to describe cells that form clusters.

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Prefix Strepto

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is used to describe cells that form filaments, or chains.

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Archaebacteria consists of

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Methanogens, extreme halophiles, and thermoacidophiles

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Schizophyta- largest moneran phylum, consists of

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Class Eubacteria, Class Actinomycota, Class Rickettsiae, and Class Spirochaeta.

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Cyanophyta Members are called

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blue-green bacteria

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Heterocysts

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specialized cells that convert nitrogen from the atmosphere into a form that the organism can use in cellular metabolism.

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Bloom

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rapid increase in the population of a blue-green bacteria.

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Prochlorophyta

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members are photosynthetic bacteria that live symbiotically with the marine chordates known as tunicates.

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Methnanogens

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live only in the absence of free oxygen, they use carbon dioxide and hydrogen to form methane and water.

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Extreme halophiles

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live only in areas of high salt concentration.

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Thermoacidophiles

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live only in places that are very acidic and where temperatures are very hot, often reaching 90 C.

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Class Eubacteria

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largest number of and many of the most familiar bacteria.

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Class Actinomycota

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contains rod-shaped organisms that form branched filaments.

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Class Rickettsiae

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contains mostly nonmotile intracelluar parasites.

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Class Spirochaeta

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contains large spiral-shaped organisms.

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Eubacteria live in

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less harsh environments then archaebacteria.

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Gram Stain

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a test that uses a series of dyes to stain bacterial walls.

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Gram-Negative bacteria

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have an outer covering of lipopolysaccharides and stain pink.

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Gram-Positive bacteria

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lack this covering and stain purple.

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Members of the Class Actinomycota

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Actinomycotes, are Gram-positive bacteria that form colonies.

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Members of the Class Rickettsiae

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Called Rickettsiae, parasitic Gram-negative bacteria that can reproduce only in certain cells of a specific host.

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Members of the Class Spirochetes

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spiral-shaped or curved bacteria. Most use flagella to move.

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Some sPlasmids

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Smaller circular strands of DNA that are capable of replicating independently.

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Capsules

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protective layers of polysaccharides around their cell walls.

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Glycocalyx

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A net of polysaccharides

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Pili

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Objects with protein strands monerans attach themselves to.

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Endospore

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Tough envelope.

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Heterotrophs

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They use food produced by other organisms.

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Saprophyte

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Heterotroph that feeds on dead or decaying organic matter.

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Autotrophs

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Produce their own food from inorganic material.

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Photoautotrophs

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Use sunlight as a source of energy.

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Chemoautotrophs

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Use the energy of chemical reactions instead of sunlight to synthesize food.

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Nitrogen fixation

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process by which gaseous nitrogen is converted into ammonia compounds.

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Obligate Anaerobes

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Cannot survive in the presence of oxygen. (Methanogens.)

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Facultative anaerobes

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Can live with or without oxygen.

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Obligate Aerobes

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Need oxygen to survive.

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Binary fission

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Reproduction by splitting in two.

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Pathogen

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Any organism that causes a disease.

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Toxin

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Poisionous substance that disrupts the metabolism of the infected organism.

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Endotoxins

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found int he cell walls of most Gram-negative bacteria.

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Exotoxins

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products of the metabolism of some bacteria.

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Antibiotics

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chemicals that are capable of inhibiting the growth of some bacteria.

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Alexander Fleming

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discovered product of the fungus Penicillum.