Biology 1St Sem. Final Review

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Mendel

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worked with pea plants to determine that biological inheritance is determined by factors that are passed from one generation to the next (genes). And the principle of dominance (some allels are dominant and others recessive).

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Watson and Crick

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developed the double helix model of the structure of DNA - figured out the structure of DNA

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Hooke

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first to see a cell (named it because of its looks)

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heterozygous

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two different alleles for the same trait

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homozygous

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two identical alleles for a particular trait

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genotype

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genetic makeup of an organism

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phenotype

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physical characteristics of an organism

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haploid

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cell with one set of chromosomes (sex cell)

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diploid

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cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes

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autosomes

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chromosomes - not sex ones

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most efficient ways of feeding the most people

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feeding them the crops instead of feeding the animals the crops and then feeding them the animals

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down's syndrome (trisomy 21)

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three copies of chromosome 21

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heterotroph

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organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes, consumer

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autotroph

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organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own fodd from inorgranic compounds, producer

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meiosis

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produces four genetically different haploid (sex) cells

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mitosis

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produces two genetically identical diploid cells

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climax species

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species that uses succession in a given area and it proceeded in specific and predictables stages ending with a mature, stable community that didn't undergo anymore changes

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habitat

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the area where an organism lives, including the biotic and abiotic factors that affect the organism

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features of cancer cells (they never stop reproducing)

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they don't respond to the signals that regulate the growth of most cells. as a result they form masses of cels called tumors

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carrying capacity

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the largest number of individuals that a given environment can support

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blood types

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A, B, AB, O (pluses and minuses), AB+ universal reciever, O- universal giver

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exocytosis

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process by which a cell release large amounts of material

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endocytosis

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process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

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diffusion

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substances move from areas of high concentration to areas of lower concentration

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osmosis

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the diffusion of water

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active transport

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once equilibrum is reached to continue bringing lactose in, the cell must pump it using energy

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passive transport

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if you want it and it will diffuse in, just open doors and let it in gates

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end products of photosynthesis

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glucose and oxygen

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saltiness of the oceans caused by

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it's the lowest point, so all the minerals go there and they can't be evaporated

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original carrier of hemophilia

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can be traced to queen victoria

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why are cells small

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don't want to waste energy, too crowded, too much surface area makes it difficult to diffuse and keep water in and get rid of waste

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hypotonic

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below strength (less concentrated)

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hypertonic

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above strength (more concentrated)

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Parasite

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An organsim that lives off the nutrients of another organism

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Carnivore

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A flesh-eating animal

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Ecosystem

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An ecological community together with its environment

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Migration

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When animals move to another location for food or breeding

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Chloroplast

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Organelles found in plant cells that perform photosynthesis

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Cell

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the structural and functional unit of all living organisms

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Protoplasm

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basically the cell contents inside the cell membrane/wall, including the vacuole, nucleus, and cytoplasm.

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Hypertonic

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in this kind of enviroment, osmosis causes water to flow out of the cell.

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Nucleus

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Control center of cell, contains DNA

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Cell Wall

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The exterior of the cell, holding everything in

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Herbivore

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Plant-eating organism

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Prokaryote

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Organisms without a nucleus, such as bacteria

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Eukaryote

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Organisms with a nucleus, found in plants, animals, and fungi

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Hox Genes

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Genes that dictate placement of body parts

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Dominant gene

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If a genetic trait is dominant, a person only needs to inherit one copy of the gene for the trait to be shown.

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Recessive gene

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If a genetic trait is recessive, a person needs to inherit two copies of the gene for the trait to be shown.

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Niche

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the position occupied by an organism (or group of organisms) within an ecosystem

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Population

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the collection of organisms of a particular species living in an area

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Biotic Factors

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Living contributors in an enviroment such as animals and plants

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Abiotic Factors

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Non-Living contributors in an enviroment such as rain, wind, and soil quality

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Predation

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An act where one thing captures and feeds upon another thing

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Carrying Capacity

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The maximum number of organisms that an environment can support without downward effects

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Competition

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the act of striving against another organism for the purpose of achieving dominance or things such as water, food, and survival.

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Extinction

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When a species dies out and none are left

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Carbohydrate

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the primary biological means of storing or consuming energy

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Amino Acids

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the basic structural building units of proteins

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Codon

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triplets of a combination of nucleotides A,G,C, or T

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Protein

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macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; needed by the body for growth and repair and to make enzymes

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Genetics

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the science of genes

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Point Mutation

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The changing of a single letter in a DNA sequence

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Population Density

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the number of organisms living per unit of an area

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Biotic Potential

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An estimate of the maximum capacity of living things to survive and reproduce under optimal environmental conditions

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Transcription

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The transfer of genetic information from a DNA molecule to a messenger RNA.

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Replication

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The process by which a single-celled organism makes a copy of itself

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Monosaccharide

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called simple sugar, cannot be broken down to simpler sugars by hydrolysis

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Sugar

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a form of carbohydrate, stores energy for cells

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Sex Cells

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also called Gametes, create offspring

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mutation

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change in DNA sequence that affects genetic information -chromosomes sometimes have genes moves around on them or have genes that are copied

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frameshift mutation

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mutation that shifts the reading frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide

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Food Supply

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The amount of food avaiable in an ecosystem

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population growth curve

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the point where a population's growth begins flatening