Biology Final Review

Front 1

Darwin gave us the idea of:

Back 1

evolution

Front 2

Evolution

Back 2

change.

Front 3

When Darwin did his work, he did realize that evolution was linked to _______.

Back 3

inheritance

Front 4

Darwin was at a disadvantage because he did not have any knowledge of _______.

Back 4

genetics

Front 5

Darwin was never able to satisfactorily explain ______.

Back 5

how traits are passed to offspring

Front 6

Darwin couldn't understand ____.

Back 6

the sudden appearance of some traits

Front 7

The Austrian monk and mathematics teacher who discovered genetics

Back 7

Mendel

Front 8

Mendel used _____ to discover genetics.

Back 8

garden peas

Front 9

Garden peas have __ chromosomes.

Back 9

7

Front 10

Independent assortment

Back 10

What you get when traits are on separate chromosomes and are not linked. Mendel studied these kinds of traits. Whatever.

Front 11

Mendel's experiements with genetics resulted in a __ to __ ratio for each trait.

Back 11

3 to 1

Front 12

Mendel published his results in ___.

Back 12

1866.

Front 13

Mendel is also credited as the first person to use ____.

Back 13

statistical analysis

Front 14

Mendel's work in genetics went unappreciated or undiscovered until ___.

Back 14

1900

Front 15

Was Mendel alive to see his work accepted?

Back 15

No. He had died 16 years earlier.

Front 16

True or false: Mendel said that traits were passed from parents through offspring.

Back 16

True

Front 17

Who worked on corn genetics?

Back 17

Barbara McClintock

Front 18

Barbara McClintock worked on a phenomenon called ______.

Back 18

jumping genes

Front 19

What are jumping genes?

Back 19

Genes that move from one place to the next, instead of staying fixed on the loci of the chromosome

Front 20

Barbara McClintock won the Nobel Prize for her work on

Back 20

jumping genes

Front 21

Population

Back 21

an interbreeding group or organisms of the species at the same place, at the same time

Front 22

In a population, organisms are unified and identified by the _____.

Back 22

gene pool

Front 23

Gene pool

Back 23

the sum total of all the alleles of all the genes of all the individuals in the population

Front 24

In terms of the age of the earth, people are in the gene pool for a very ___ period of time

Back 24

short

Front 25

Evolution

Back 25

any change in the frequency of alleles in a gene pool from one generation to the next

Front 26

Evolution works on:

Back 26

the extent of variation within organisms

Front 27

For evolution to occur, ____ must exist.

Back 27

variation

Front 28

Artificial selection

Back 28

man decides what to breed and what not to (ex: cross-breeding lilies)

Front 29

Artificial seletion can show the ___ in offpsring.

Back 29

variety

Front 30

What is an example of the results of artificial selection?

Back 30

Dog breeds

Front 31

_______ is selection that is brought on by nature.

Back 31

Natural selection

Front 32

The ____ organism is selected in natural selection.

Back 32

whole

Front 33

In artificial selection, humans can _______.

Back 33

pick and choose traits

Front 34

Four events that change the frequency of alleles:

Back 34

mutations, gene flow, genetic drift, nonrandom mating

Front 35

mutations

Back 35

Changes in a gene that occur spontaneously

Front 36

_______ is selection that is brought on by nature.

Back 36

Natural selection

Front 37

Four events that change the frequency of alleles:

Back 37

mutations, gene flow, genetic drift, nonrandom mating

Front 38

True or false: We can predict which genes will mutate.

Back 38

False

Front 39

In artificial selection, humans can _______.

Back 39

pick and choose traits

Front 40

True or false: If a mutation makes a dramatic change in the phenotype, then it's generally harmful.

Back 40

True

Front 41

The ____ organism is selected in natural selection.

Back 41

whole

Front 42

True or false: We can predict which genes will mutate.

Back 42

False

Front 43

mutations

Back 43

Changes in a gene that occur spontaneously

Front 44

Name things that can cause mutations.

Back 44

X-rays
Ultraviolet rays
Radioactive compounds
Sprays
Pesticides

Front 45

mutations

Back 45

Changes in a gene that occur spontaneously

Front 46

Each new human carries __ new mutations.

Back 46

2

Front 47

True or false: We can predict which genes will mutate.

Back 47

False

Front 48

There are 6 billion people in the world, so that makes about __ billion new mutations.

Back 48

12 billion

Front 49

gene flow

Back 49

the movement of alleles into and out of the population.

Front 50

There are 6 billion people in the world, so that makes about __ billion new mutations.

Back 50

12 billion

Front 51

gene flow

Back 51

the movement of alleles into and out of the population.

Front 52

There are 6 billion people in the world, so that makes about __ billion new mutations.

Back 52

12 billion

Front 53

Four events that change the frequency of alleles:

Back 53

mutations, gene flow, genetic drift, nonrandom mating

Front 54

True or false: If a mutation makes a dramatic change in the phenotype, then it's generally harmful.

Back 54

True

Front 55

Gene flow does what?

Back 55

Introduces new alleles or changes gene frequency

Front 56

The Founder Effect

Back 56

when a small population breaks off from a larger popuation. It may not be genetically representative of the larger group. It increases in size and becomes a different population.

Front 57

Genetic drift

Back 57

can change the evolutionary process

Front 58

mutations

Back 58

Changes in a gene that occur spontaneously

Front 59

True or false: We can predict which genes will mutate.

Back 59

False

Front 60

Genetic drift

Back 60

can change the evolutionary process

Front 61

Population bottleneck

Back 61

When a population is drastically reduced in numbers by something other than natural selection

Front 62

Northern Elephant Seal

Back 62

killed off. Almost extinct. Laws passed to protect them. Now numbers in 30,000. Genes are different.

Front 63

Polymorphism

Back 63

two phenotypically distinct forms coexist in the same ?

Front 64

Female choice

Back 64

female decides who to mate with

Front 65

How do we preserve and promote variety?

Back 65

Sexual reproduction

Front 66

Diploidy

Back 66

a major factor in preserving variablility. It refers to individuals having two sets of chromosomes.

Front 67

Ecology

Back 67

The study of the interrelationships between organisms and thier physical environment and with each other.

Front 68

___ are the biggest enemies of alligators.

Back 68

Alligators.

Front 69

An ecologist studies:

Back 69

the natural world and anything in it, not necessarily living organisms. They could study water in relation to fish or soil. Study any level of nature.

Front 70

Individual level of ecology

Back 70

a certain organism

Front 71

Population level of ecology

Back 71

primary level of study

Front 72

Communities

Back 72

groups of populations of different species at the same place and time

Front 73

Ecosystems

Back 73

interactions between all organisms in communities and with their nonliving environment

Front 74

Biosphere (ecosphere)

Back 74

highest level of study; sum total of al the planet's ecosystems. Thin layer around Earth where organisms live. The whole earth can be called and ecosphere.

Front 75

Living components

Back 75

biotic

Front 76

Nonliving components

Back 76

abiotic

Front 77

Abiotic factors

Back 77

chemical or physical feature of the environment (water, light, temperature, oxygen, substrate)

Front 78

Biotic factors

Back 78

all living organisms
plants
bacteria
fungi
animals
algae
man
etc.

Front 79

Population dynamics

Back 79

The number of organisms within any given population

Front 80

Only about __ % of sea turtles live to maturity.

Back 80

1%

Front 81

properties studied in populations

Back 81

patterns of population growth
patterns of mortality
age structure
density
dispersion
reproductive potential
caring capacity

Front 82

age structure

Back 82

how many people live in each group

Front 83

density

Back 83

the number of individuals per unit area or volume

Front 84

dispersion

Back 84

the two- or three-dimensional arrangement of organisms. any level -- up, down, whatever.

Front 85

Exponential growth

Back 85

when full reproductive material is achieved.

Front 86

True or false: Most organisms have high reproductive potential that is usually not achieved.

Back 86

true

Front 87

Carrying capacity

Back 87

the number of people an area can support

Front 88

Humans are increasing ___.

Back 88

exponentially

Front 89

Logistics growth

Back 89

gradually starts out and increases, but slows as the object reaches carrying capacity

Front 90

Density-independent factors

Back 90

disease
environmental disasters

Front 91

Density-dependent factors

Back 91

availability of food, water, shelter

Front 92

Three types of organisms:

Back 92

producers
consumers
decomposers

Front 93

Herbivores eat:

Back 93

plants

Front 94

Carnivores eat:

Back 94

meat

Front 95

Omnivores eat:

Back 95

plants and meat

Front 96

Organisms are limited by ___.

Back 96

Population-dependent factors.

Front 97

What are the producers?

Back 97

green plants and algae

Front 98

Primary consumers are ___.

Back 98

Herbivores

Front 99

Secondary consumers eat ___ consumers.

Back 99

Primary

Front 100

Secondary consumers can be __ or __.

Back 100

carnivores or omnivores.

Front 101

What are the decomposers?

Back 101

fungi and bacteria

Front 102

Food chain

Back 102

a diagram that shows what's eating what at each level in order

Front 103

Food web

Back 103

interconnected food chains

Front 104

Trophic level

Back 104

a feeding level

Front 105

Energy is passed on at each trophic level, but it ___.

Back 105

decreases

Front 106

Biomass

Back 106

body weight

Front 107

Organisms get about __% from feeding on the previous organism.

Back 107

10%

Front 108

As we go up the food chain, two things happen:

Back 108

We go from smaller to larger organisms.
More numbers to fewer numbers or organisms.