Biology 1406 - General Biology For Science Majors

Front 1

1. life characteristics, biology structural levels, and the Scientific Method :
a. list the characteristics of life

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1. Cells - smallest unit capable of life functions (basic unit of life); 2. Organization; 3. Metabolism - the sum of all chemical reactions, metabolism refers to a living organism's ability to consume and use energy (from food or from the sun); 4. Homeostasis - maintaining stable internal conditions biological balance) 5. Heredity; 6. Responsiveness; 7. Growth

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1. life characteristics, biology structural levels, and the Scientific Method :
b. describe the structural levels of biology

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atoms -> complex biological molecules -> subcellular organelles (are ordered into) -> cells (are organized into) -> tissues -> organs -> organ systems -> complex organism

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1. life characteristics, biology structural levels, and the Scientific Method :
c. list classification terms

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Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species.

mnemonic: Keep Plates Clean Or Family Gets Sick.

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1. life characteristics, biology structural levels, and the Scientific Method :
d. describe the Scientific Method

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The scientific method has four steps:
1. Observation and description of a phenomenon.
2. Formulation of a hypothesis to explain the phenomenon in the form of a causal mechanism or a mathematical relation.
3. Test the hypothesis by analyzing the results of observations or by predicting and observing the existence of new phenomena that follow from the hypothesis.
4. Establish a theory based on repeated verification of the results.

Front 5

1. life characteristics, biology structural levels, and the Scientific Method :
e. compare vitalism, causalism, and teleology

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Vitalism: supernatural force, "vital" force, neither observable nor testable, non-scientific
Causalism: cause-and-effect relationships, deinies foreknowledge of terminal states, preordination, purpose, goals, fixed fates
Teleology: belief in supernatural planning, purpose, foreknowledge of final states

Front 6

1. life characteristics, biology structural levels, and the Scientific Method :
f. describe the contributions of Charles Darwin

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Front 7

1. life characteristics, biology structural levels, and the Scientific Method :
g. describe emergent properties of life

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1. Order. Organisms are highly ordered, and other characteristics of life emerge from this complex organization.
2. Reproduction. Organisms reproduce; life comes only from life (biogenesis).
3. Growth and Development. Heritable programs stored in DNA direct the species-specific pattern of growth and development.
4. Energy Utilization. Organisms take in and transform energy to do work, including the maintenance of their ordered state.
5. Response to Environment. Organisms respond to stimuli from their environment.
6. Homeostas is. Organisms regulate their internal environment to maintain a steady-state, even in the face of a fluctuating external environment.
7. Evolutionary Adaptation. Life evolves in response to interactions between organisms and their environment.

Front 8

1. life characteristics, biology structural levels, and the Scientific Method :
h. distinguish between inductive and deductive reasoning.

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deductive reasoning involves moving from generalities to specifics by working through a series of reasoned statements. Inductive reasoning, on the other hand, takes a series of specific observations and tries to expand them into a more general theory.

Front 9

2. basic chemical concepts :
a. define element

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Front 10

2. basic chemical concepts :
b. describe the general structures of DNA and RNA

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Front 11

2. basic chemical concepts :
c. explain the concept of the mole

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Front 12

2. basic chemical concepts :
d. analyze the periodic table

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Front 13

2. basic chemical concepts :
e. analyze the types of chemical bonds

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Front 14

2. basic chemical concepts :
f. distinguish between acids, bases, and buffers

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Front 15

2. basic chemical concepts :
g. analyze pH scale

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Front 16

2. basic chemical concepts :
h. compare the subatomic particles

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Front 17

2. basic chemical concepts :
i. compare amino acids with proteins

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Front 18

2. basic chemical concepts :
j. compare saturated and unsaturated lipids

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Front 19

2. basic chemical concepts :
k. compare the detailed structure of DNA, RNA, and ATP.

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Front 20

3. basic energy concepts :
a. explain the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics

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3. basic energy concepts :
b. explain kinetic and potential energy

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3. basic energy concepts :
c. explain enthalpy and entropy

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3. basic energy concepts :
d. explain Gibbs free energy change

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3. basic energy concepts :
e. explain allosteric, active site, enzyme and substrate

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3. basic energy concepts :
f. explain energy of activation

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3. basic energy concepts :
g. explain a coupled reaction

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3. basic energy concepts :
h. explain competitive and non-competitive inhibition

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3. basic energy concepts :
i. explain negative feedback inhibition

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3. basic energy concepts :
j. distinguish between anabolism and catabolism

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Front 30

3. basic energy concepts :
k. distinguish between endergonic and exergonic reactions.

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Front 31

4. cell membrane structure, organelles, and their functions. :
a. identify the contributors of the cell theory

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Front 32

4. cell membrane structure, organelles, and their functions. :
b. describe the cell theory

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Front 33

4. cell membrane structure, organelles, and their functions. :
c. describe the types of electron microscopes

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Front 34

4. cell membrane structure, organelles, and their functions. :
d. describe cell fractionation

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Front 35

4. cell membrane structure, organelles, and their functions. :
e. describe animal cell components and their functions

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Front 36

4. cell membrane structure, organelles, and their functions. :
f. describe structure of mitochondrion and its relation to cell

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Front 37

4. cell membrane structure, organelles, and their functions. :
g. describe plant cell components and their functions

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Front 38

4. cell membrane structure, organelles, and their functions. :
h. describe the structure of the plasma membrane

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Front 39

4. cell membrane structure, organelles, and their functions. :
i. describe the structure of cell walls

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Front 40

4. cell membrane structure, organelles, and their functions. :
j. describe the endomembrane system

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Front 41

4. cell membrane structure, organelles, and their functions. :
k. describe intracellular junctions

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Front 42

4. cell membrane structure, organelles, and their functions. :
l. describe passive and active cell transport mechanisms

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Front 43

4. cell membrane structure, organelles, and their functions. :
m. describe the importance of mitosis and the events of mitosis

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Front 44

4. cell membrane structure, organelles, and their functions. :
n. describe molecular control of the cell cycle

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Front 45

4. cell membrane structure, organelles, and their functions. :
o. identify discoverers of membrane ultrastructure

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Front 46

4. cell membrane structure, organelles, and their functions. :
p. compare prokaryotes with eukaryotes.

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Front 47

5. process of cellular respiration. :
a. identify the discoverers of cell respiration

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Front 48

5. process of cellular respiration. :
b. write the equation for cellular respiration

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Front 49

5. process of cellular respiration. :
c. list the sites of cell respiration

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Front 50

5. process of cellular respiration. :
d. define substrate level phosphorylation

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Front 51

5. process of cellular respiration. :
e. define oxidative phosphorylation

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Front 52

5. process of cellular respiration. :
f. list the sites of cell respiration

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Front 53

5. process of cellular respiration. :
g. describe the fate of glucose in cell respiration

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Front 54

5. process of cellular respiration. :
h. describe glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport system

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Front 55

5. process of cellular respiration. :
i. describe the significance of cytochromes of the electron transport system

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Front 56

5. process of cellular respiration. :
j. describe chemiososmosis in mitochondria

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Front 57

5. process of cellular respiration. :
k. name the final product of cellular respiration

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Front 58

5. process of cellular respiration. :
l. describe the role of ATP in cellular respiration

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Front 59

5. process of cellular respiration. :
m. distinguish between fermentation, anaerobic respiration, and aerobic respiration.

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Front 60

6. cell communication:
a. define reception, transduction, and response

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Front 61

6. cell communication:
b. explain conversion of external signals into response within the cell

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6. cell communication:
c. explain cell shape change due to signal protein binding to a receptor protein

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Front 63

6. cell communication:
d. explain molecular cascade interaction and signal relay from receptors to cell target molecules

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Front 64

6. cell communication:
e. explain regulation of cytoplasmic activities by cell signaling

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6. cell communication:
f. explain mechanisms of hormone signaling

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Front 66

6. cell communication:
g. compare major human endocrine glands, their hormones, hormone actions, and gland regulation.

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Front 67

7. the process of photosynthesis:
a. list the discoverers of photosynthesis

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Front 68

7. the process of photosynthesis:
b. write a summary equation for photosynthesis

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Front 69

7. the process of photosynthesis:
c. identify the characteristics of light

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Front 70

7. the process of photosynthesis:
d. define coenzyme

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Front 71

7. the process of photosynthesis:
e. define chemiosmosis

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Front 72

7. the process of photosynthesis:
f. distinguish between cyclic and non-cyclic photosynthesis

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7. the process of photosynthesis:
g. distinguish between autotrophs and heterotrophs

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7. the process of photosynthesis:
h. distinguish between oxidation and reduction

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Front 75

7. the process of photosynthesis:
i. distinguish between light and dark reactions of photosysnthesis

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Front 76

7. the process of photosynthesis:
j. distinguish between photosystem I and photosystem II.

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Front 77

8. DNA structure and protein synthesis :
a. identify the discoverers of DNA

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Front 78

8. DNA structure and protein synthesis :
b. list the parts of a nucleotide

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Front 79

8. DNA structure and protein synthesis :
c. define mutagenesis

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Front 80

8. DNA structure and protein synthesis :
d. distinguish between transcription and translation

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Front 81

8. DNA structure and protein synthesis :
e. describe post mRNA processing

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Front 82

8. DNA structure and protein synthesis :
f. name the three stages of transcription and translation

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Front 83

8. DNA structure and protein synthesis :
g. describe the wobble effect

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Front 84

8. DNA structure and protein synthesis :
h. explain the base pairing rule

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Front 85

8. DNA structure and protein synthesis :
i. explain DNA replication

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Front 86

8. DNA structure and protein synthesis :
j. differentiate between ribose and deoxyribose

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Front 87

8. DNA structure and protein synthesis :
k. compare purines with pyrimidines.

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Front 88

8. DNA structure and protein synthesis :
l. describe the significance of common genetic code

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Front 89

8. DNA structure and protein synthesis :
m. compare Beadle and Tatum’s “one-gene-one-enzyme” hypothesis to the current “one-gene-multiple polypeptide” hypothesis

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Front 90

8. DNA structure and protein synthesis :
n. describe end replication problem of DNA replication.

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