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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A light microscope is used to view the what? |
Entire cell |
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An electron microscope is used to view what? |
Parts of the cell and viruses which are smaller and require higher magnification |
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What is a cell? |
The smallest unit of life that can function independently. Basic unit of life |
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What is a transmission electron microscope? |
Use for seeing internal cell structures. It transmits electrons right through cells |
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What is a scanning electron microscope? |
Very powerful and reveals details on cell surfaces. It bounces electrons off of the surface of cells |
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What are prokaryotes? |
The most ancient forms of wife. They are small, simple in structure, and lack a nucleus (bacteria and archea) |
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What are eukaryotes? |
Larger and more complex than prokaryotes, with many internal parts including a nucleus and other membranous organelles |
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What is the purpose of cell walls? |
To protect the cell and give them their shape |
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What does amphipathic mean? |
There are polar and non polar regions in the same molecule |
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What are transport proteins? |
They are imbedded in the phospolipid bylayer to will create a passage way through which ions, glucose, and other polar substances can pass in-and-out of the cell |
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What are enzymes? |
Proteins that facilitate chemical reactions that would otherwise proceed too slowly to sustain life |
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What are recognition proteins? |
They consist of chains of sugars that are attached to some of the proteins and phospholipids in the cell membranes. Serve as "nametags" |
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What are adhesion proteins? |
Membrane proteins that enable cells to stick to each other |
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What are receptor proteins? |
They bind to molecules outside the cell and trigger an internal response |
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What is cytoplasm? |
The watery mixture that occupies much of the cells volume |
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What is cytosol? |
The fluid portion of the cytoplasm |
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What are ribozomes? |
Synthesize proteins |
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What is the endoplasmic reticulum? |
A network of sacks in tubules composed of membranes |
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What are vesicles? |
Small membraneous spheres that transport materials inside the cell |
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What is the golgi apparatus? |
A stack of flat membrane enclosed sacks that function as a processing center |
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What are lysosomes? |
Organelles containing enzymes that dismantle and recycle food particles, captured bacteria, worn-out organelles, and debris |
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What is the purpose of vacuoles? |
This is where cellular digestion occurs, they also help regulate the size and water balance of plant cells |
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What are peroxisomes? |
Organelles that contain several types of enzymes that dispose of the toxic substances |
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What are mitochondria? |
Organelles that use cellular respiration to extract energy from food |
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What are cristae? |
Folds in the mitochondrial inner membrane |
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What are chloroplasts? |
Organelles that convert energy from sunlight into sugar, which is food for the cell |
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What is the cytoskeleton? |
A network of protein tracks in tubules found in eukaryotic cells |
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What are the 3 parts of the cytoskeleton? |
Microfilaments - Needed for cell contraction and changes in cell shape Intermediate filaments - Form a strong scaffold for mechanical strength Microtubules - Act as trackways for moving organelles |
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What are cilia and flagella made out of? |
Microtubules |
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What is the centrosome? |
The central microtubule organizing center of cells |
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What are centrioles? |
A pair of perpendicular organelles structures that contain microtubules |
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Why are cells typically small? How does this affect transport across the cell membrane? |
Smaller cells have more surface area relative to their volume. High surface area allows the cells to quickly exchange materials with its surroundings |
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What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? |
Prokaryotes lack a nucleus, are about 10x smaller than eukaryotic cells, and are simple in structure Eukaryotes have a nucleus, are bigger, many internal parts, and other membranous organelles |
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What is the structure of a phospolipid? |
The head is made up of a molecule of glycerol and a phosphate group. It is polar and hydrophilic. The tail is made up of 2 fatty acids (1 unsaturated causes bend in tail). It is nonpolar and hydrophobic. |
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What is biology? |
The scientific study of life |
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What is an atom? |
The smallest chemical unit of a type of pure substance |
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What is an organelle? |
A membrane bound structure that has a specific function within the cell |
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What is a molecule? |
A group of joined atoms |
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What is an organ system? |
Organs connected physically or chemically that function together |
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What are the distinguishing characteristics of living things? |
Life has organization, energy, homeostasis, reproduction growth and development, and evolution |
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The levels of life's organizational hierarchy from smallest to largest are: |
Atomss, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism, populations, communities, ecosystem, biosphere |
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How can natural selection and mutation form a role in evolution? |
Mutations occur randomly but maybe helpful. Ones that are helpful help with natural selection. They help the organism survive and put that gene into the gene pool for future generations since it was useful |
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What are the distinguishing characteristics of the 3 domains of life? |
Domains bacteria and Archaea consists of small unicellular organisms, domain eukarya have larger and more complex cells |
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How are organisms classified and named? |
Based on their features they are put into different categories and domains |
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What are the steps in a controlled scientific experiment? |
Make an observation, ask a question, make a hypothesis, experiment and get data, conclude and interpret, publish and review |
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What is a hypothesis? |
A tenative explanation for observations that is testable |
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What is a scientific theory? |
A coherent group of propositions formulated to explain a group of facts or phenomena in the natural world and repeatedly confirmed through experiment or observation |
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What is scientific law? |
The description of an observed phenomenon |
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What are the 4 main types of tissue and their function? |
-Epithelial tissue coat the body's internal and external surfaces -Connective tissues bind tissues together -Muscular tissue provides movement -Nervous tissue transmits information |
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What is homeostasis? |
A state of internal constancy |
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What is negative feedback? |
A change in a condition triggers action that reverses the change |
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What is positive feedback? |
The body reacts to a change by amplifying it |
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How do positive and negative feedback effect homeostasis in the human body? |
Both of these regulate levels of For mons in the blood. With negative feedback if there is too much at will return to being the right amount. With positive feedback it keeps going until a change happens and then returns back to homeostasis |
