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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Haplodiploidy
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diploid individuals are female and haploid individuals
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Eusociality
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at least to generations overlap in life stages in which they are capable of contributing to colony labor - offspring assist their parents during part of their life cycle
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Hamilton's Definition of Fitness
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The number of an individual's alleles in the next generation
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Inclusive Fitness
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An individual's relative genetic representation in the gene pool in the next generation
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Nondisjunction
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a homologous chromosome pair fails to separate (disjoin) at Anaphase I or a pair of chromatids fail to separate at Anaphase II
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Aneuploidy
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condition of having an extra chromosome (trisomy) or missing a chromosome (monosomy)
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Translocation
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During crossover in meiosis I, chromatids form homologous chromosomes
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Horizontal (lateral) Gene Transfer
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transfer of genes from one organism to another without sexual reproduction
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Bacteria exchange genes by conjugation using this method
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Bacterial Conjugation
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material passes through conjugation tube (cytoplasmic bridge)
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Bacteriophase
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viruses that infect bacteria
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Transformation Experiments
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addition of DNA from one strain of bacterium could genetically transform another strain of bacterium
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Transgenic
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a genetically transformed organism
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Somatic Mutation
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Occurs in the somatic (body) cells
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-Passed on to daughter cells during mitosis
-Not passed on to sexually produced offspring |
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Germline Mutation
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Occurs in the cells of the germ line - the specialized cells that give rise to gametes
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-Gametes pass it on during fertilization
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Silent Mutation
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A mutation that does not affect gene function
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Most mutations in large genomes are silent
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Loss-of-function Mutation
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Can result in either the loss of expression of a gene or in the production of a nonfunctional protein or RNA
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Show recessive inheritance in a diploid organism
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Conditional Mutation
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Cause their phenotypes only under restrictive conditions
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Expressed under "permissive" conditions (temperature sensitive)
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Point Mutation
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Results from the gain, loss, or substitution of a single nucleotide
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-If it occurs in a gene than it will be a new allele of that gene
-May or may not cause a new phenotype |
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Chromosomal Mutation
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Extensive changes in the chromosomal structure
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-Position change/oriental change of DNA segment
-Cause DNA segment to be duplicated/lost |
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Mutagens
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Substances that cause mutations
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Spontaneous Mutation
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Permanent changes in the genetic material that occur without any outside influence
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Induced Mutation
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Occur when some agent from outside the cell - a mutagen - causes a permanent change in the DNA sequence
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Missense Mutation
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Result in a change in the amino acid sequence
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Nonsense Mutation
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Results in a premature stop codon
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Hybridization
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Leads to the exchange of many genes among recently separated lineages of plants
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Gene Family
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a group of homologous genes with related functions, often arrayed in tandem along a chromosome
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