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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Light Dependent Reactions
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occurs in the thylakoid, light dependent, instantaneous, captures energy, splits water to release O2, activates electron transport chain,
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Light Independent Reactions
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occurs in stroma, fast but not nearly instantaneous, uses energy,fixes carbon dioxide to glucose
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Chromatography Equation
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Rf=distance moved by pigment/distance from origin to solvent front
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What molecule is being fixed during photosynthesis?
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water is broken down, and oxygen is released. Carbon dioxide is broken down and used to make glucose.
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Where in the plant is carbon fixed? Why?
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In the stroma because of the enzymes and energy found there that allows for carbon to be fixed and used to create glucose
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EFFECTS OF LIGHT WAVELENGTH EXPERIMENT: What were the controls in the experiment?
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the controls were time and the color of the light
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Why does green light produce no floating disks?
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because of the chlorophyll found in the plants that gives off the green color, therefor the plant does not absorb green light
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What if the plant we used was a different color? How would it change the experiment?
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depending on the color of the plant and the color of the light. if the two colors are contrasting then there should be floating disks.
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EFFECT OF THE LIGHT INTENSITY: which tube should show the quickest drop and why?
TABLE 7-2 & 7-3 |
the tube furthest from the light because the light intensity isnt as strong as the other two distances
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What is the chemical indicator used in this experiment and why?
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because the light reacts with the chemical indicator to affect the absorbancy
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PAGE 150, QUESTION 7
What it is showing? |
a
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Understand
Spermatogenesis Diagram Oogeneisis Diagram FIGURE 8-18 ONION ROOT TIP LONG SECTION FIGURE 9-16 KNOW HOW TO INTERPRET A PEDIGREE Fingerprint:whorl&arch&loop Know how to fill out table on 211. |
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Differences between Mitosis and Meiosis
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Meiosis goes through 2 rounds of divison
crossing over happens in meiosis mitosis is left with 2 daughter cells meiosis leaves 4 daughter cells |
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MEIOSIS STAGES
FIGURE 8-30 |
A
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WHAT IS TRISOMY 21?
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DOWNS SYNDROME
THREE 21 CHROMOSOMES TO BE PRESENT |
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XX vs. XY
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XX: WOMEN
XY: MEN |
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CHROMOSOMES vs. CHROMATIDS
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whatever is connected to centromeres
2 sister chromatids can make up one chromosome the string |
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Normal Meiosis, Nondisjunction in Meiosis I, and Meiosis II? WHICH OF THE THREE ARE WORSE?
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Normal Meiosis- daughter cells contain 23,23,23,23 chromosomes
Nondisjunction Meiosis I- daughter cells contain 24,24,22,22 chromosomes Nondisjuction Meiosis II- daughter cells contain 22,24,23,23 chromosomes nondisjunction at meiosis I is the worst because none of the daughter cells have the correct number of chromosomes |
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KNOW SYMBOLS FOR FEMALE/MALE,CARRIER/NON-CARRIER,
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carrier: half filled in
affected:filled in possible carrier: question mark female: circle male: square |
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FIGURE 10-12 & 10-13
WHICH TYPE BELONGS TO HUMANS, AND WHICH TO ANIMALS? |
Human hair : thin medulla, imbricate scales, less differentiated and may share traits of guard hairs & underfur hairs. Identifiable features - distribution and density of pigment
Animal hair: thick medulla |
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FIGURE 10-1 & 10-2
WHAT IS THE ENZYME CALLED THAT CUTS DNA? WHAT IS AN RFLP? |
restriction enzyme cuts the DNA into fragments
RFLP: the fragments are called restriction fragment length polymorphism |
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GEL ELECTRPHORESIS: What influences the rate of migration?
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molecular size and shape
molecular charge strength of field gel's density buffer solution |
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How do you tell if two samples match? What can this mean for the different uses of forensics?
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the bands will be at the same distance from the well and the same thickness meaning that the DNA is the same and can match victim bloods to samples found else where
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KASTLE-MEYER BLOOD TEST: What are the steps?
what are the reagents? what is a positive and negative result? |
add a drop of deionized water to the tip of a cotton swab
rub against testing material add a drop of the ethyl alcohol to swab add a drop of phenolphthalien to the swab and observe if turns pink hemoglobin is present |
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Looking at the gel how can you tell what the genotype of each person is?
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If you have the Alu (top band) only you have two copies of the Alu. If you have one Alu band and a primer band then you only have one Alu copy. If only the primer band is present that there are no copies of the Alu element.
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PROPHASE
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chromosomes condense "x"
nuclear envelope forms chromosomes attach |
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METAPHASE
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chromosomes line up in middle
(metaphase plate) microtublues attach to chromosomes |
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ANAPHASE
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sister chromatids seperate
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TELEPHASE
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CLEAVAGE FURROW/ CELL PLATE
CHROMOSOMES RELAX SEPERATE ENVELOPES |
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INTERPHASE: G1
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cell doubles in size
organelles duplicate |
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INTERPHASE: S PHASE
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DNA replicates
DNA uncoiled; chromatin |
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INTERPHASE: G2
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chromosomes condense
centriolose duplicate to produse 2 |
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INTERPHASE: G0
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cells too small to replicate leave the cycle at this point
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MONOHYBRID
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Genotype:
WW Ww ww 1 : 2 : 1 Phenotype: Dominant v. Recessive 3:1 |
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DIHYBRID
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Genotype:
RRSS 1 RRSs 2 RsSS 2 RRss 1 RrSs 4 Rsss 2 rrSS 1 rrSs 2 rrss 1 Phenotype: d;d d;r r;d r;r 9:3:3:1 |
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1ST STEP OF PCR, TEMPERATURE, AND WHY?
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1 min @ 94 degrees C
provides a "hot start" |
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2 STEP OF PCR, TEMP, WHY?
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30 sec. @ 94
chromosomal DNA is denatured and splits into single strands |
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3RD STEP OF PCR, TEMP, AND WHY?
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30 sec @ 58
primers bond to the complementary sequences on wither side of the Alu element repeat step 2-4 about 30 times |
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4TH STEP OF PCR, TEMP, AND WHY?
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indefinite hold @ 4
holds PCR reaction at proper temperature until next run |
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WHAT ARE THE PUFFS IN THE CHROMOSOMES AND WHY DO THEY APPEAR THIS WAY?
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these are the areas where the DNA has uncoiled to permit transcription of messenger RNA prior to protein synthesis. Confirms that this is a coding region.
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TRANSCRIPTION
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inside nucleus
creates mRNA uracil replaces thymine |
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TRANSLATION
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in cytoplasm
mRNA attaches to ribosome |
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RED BLOOD CELLS VS. ABNORMAL RED BLOOD CELLS
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normal:circular, plump
abnormal: thin, irregular shape |
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HOW DOES SICKLE CELL ANEMIA HAPPEN?
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persons with sickle cell inherit a mutation that alters the shape of the blood cells.A mutation occurs whenever there is a base change in coding DNA
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