Biology 111 Lab Stuff

Front 1

monomer

Back 1

a small molecule, one unit, can be put together tomake polymers

Front 2

polymer

Back 2

a large molecule made up of monomers, many units, proteins, sacharrides, and nucleic acids

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macromolecule

Back 3

giant polymers built from monomers

Front 4

dehydration synthesis

Back 4

removes a water molecule, forming a new bond, makes polymers from monomers

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hydrolysis

Back 5

adds a water molecule, breaking a bond, breaks polymers and makes monomers

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monosaccharide

Back 6

a simple sugar, one

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disaccharide

Back 7

a carbohydrate made up of two monosaccharides

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polysaccharide

Back 8

a macromaolcule compsed of many monsaccharides

Front 9

carbohydrate

Back 9

organic compound containg carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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lipid

Back 10

molecules that are insoluble in water , ex. fats, not chemically macromolecules

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amino acid

Back 11

an organic copmpund, 20, consists of an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen,a and a side chain

Front 12

protein

Back 12

support, protection, catalsis, transport, defnse, regualtion, and movement, one of the most fundemental building substances of living organisms, a long chain polymer of amino acids, made by the dehydration stynthersis of many amino acids

Front 13

R group

Back 13

may be charged, polar or even hydrophobic, gives different properties to each amino acid

Front 14

nucleic acid

Back 14

polymers specialized for the storage, transmission,and use of information, two types: RNA, DNA

Front 15

DNA

Back 15

giant polymers that encode heredity informationand pass it from generation to generation

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RNA

Back 16

singlestranded, U G A C, act as catlysts for important reactions

Front 17

nucleotide

Back 17

the basic chemical unit in a nucleic acid

Front 18

catalyst

Back 18

accelerates the rate of a biochemical rxn w/o being consumed or transformed during the rxn, do not alter the equilibrium constant of rxn's

Front 19

enzyme

Back 19

biological catalysts accelerate rxn's, very speciefic for the rxn that they catalyze, almost always a protein

Front 20

native enzyme

Back 20

a protein that contains all its natural strcutural elements and possesses biological activity

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denatured

Back 21

unfolded or inactive proteins

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substrate

Back 22

the reactant molecule in an enzyme-catalyzed rxn

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product

Back 23

what the substrate is transformed into

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active site

Back 24

the region where where the molecule is involved in substrate binding and catalysis

Front 25

enzyme-substrate complex

Back 25

where the product is produced

Front 26

rate of enzymatic reation

Back 26

the amount of product formed or substrate decreaded at constant amounts

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assay

Back 27

an enzymatic rxn measurement

Front 28

initial velocity(initial rate)

Back 28

the rate at the early stage of a rxn where the substrate concentration is in great excess and the rate is approximately linear per unit of time

Front 29

steps of an enzyme-catlayzed rxn in letters

Back 29

E+S*ES*EP*E+P

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larva

Back 30

follow the hatching, are periods of intense eating, consists of three stages called instars, the media will become gutted by the action of these hungry larva, will pupate within the skin of the third instar

Front 31

pupa

Back 31

stage right before the adult stage, the adult fly organs and body shape are developing within the pupal case. The fly will emerge from the pupal case by pushing its way out

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dominant allele

Back 32

desiganted by an upper case letter, the allele that can dtermine phenotype, masks the recessive allele

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recessive allele

Back 33

desiganted by an lower case letter, an allele that does not determine phenotype in the prescence of the dominant allele

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homozygous

Back 34

if alleles of a given gene are identical on both homologous chromosomes

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heterozygous

Back 35

having different alleles of a given gene on the pair of homolouges carrying that gene, indicated by one capital letter and one lower case letter

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allele

Back 36

the alternate forms of a gene character found at a given locus on a chromosome

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autosome

Back 37

any chromosome(in a eukaryotic) other than a sex chromosome

Front 38

sex chromosome

Back 38

in organisms with a chromosomal mechanism of sex determination, one of the chromosomes invloved in sex determination

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monohybrid cross

Back 39

a mating in which the parents differ in the alleles of one locus, contrasts expressions of the same trait

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dihybrid cross

Back 40

involves expression of two traits, a mating in which the parents differ with respect to the alleles of two loci of interest

Front 41

polytene chromosome

Back 41

giant interphase chromosomes, all replicates of the same chromosome fail to seperate and are lined up in parallel rays, like those found in the salivary glands of the fly larvae

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genotype

Back 42

the genetic makeup of an individual organism

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phenotype

Back 43

the physical(observable) characteristics of an individual organism, resulting both from genetic and enviromental factors

Front 44

sex-linked gene

Back 44

A gene located on a sex chromosome, usually the X-chromosome