Biology 102 Lecture Test 5

Front 1

Roots

Back 1

their functions are
anchor plants
absorb water and nutrients
store food

Front 2

Shoots ( stems and leaves)

Back 2

their functions are
stems, leaves and reproductive structures
stems provide support
leaves carry out photosynthesis

Front 3

Modifications of plant parts are adaptations for various functions:

Back 3

food or water storage
asexual reproduction
protection
climbing
photosynthesis

Front 4

Root modifications for food storage

Back 4

is large taproots store starches
Examples: carrots, turnips, sugar beets, sweet potatoes

Front 5

Stem modifications are

Back 5

Stolon-asexual reproduction
Rhizomes-storage, asexual reproduction
Tubers-storage, asexual reproduction
Cactus stem- water storage and photosynthesis

Front 6

Leaf modifications are

Back 6

protection: example cactus spine
climbing: pea plant tendril

Front 7

Three tissue systems that make up the plant body

Back 7

Dermal tissue: outer protective covering
Vascular tissue: support and long-distance transport
Ground Tissue: Bulk of the plant body
food production, storage, support

Front 8

Define Dermal Tissue

Back 8

layer of tightly packed cells called the epidermis
first line of defense against damage and infection, waxy layer called cuticle reduces water loss

Front 9

Define Vascular tissue

Back 9

composed of xylem and phloem
arranged in bundles

Front 10

Define Ground tissue

Back 10

Lines between dermal and vasular tissue
eudicot stem ground tissue is divided into pith and cortex
leaf ground tissue is called mesophill

Front 11

Indeterminate plant growth:

Back 11

growth occurs through a plant's life
Plants are categorized based on how long they live, annuals, biennials, perennials

Front 12

Annual growth

Back 12

complete their life cycle in one year

Front 13

Biennials growth

Back 13

complete their life cycle in two years

Front 14

Perennials growth

Back 14

live for many years

Front 15

Determinate growth in animals

Back 15

growth stops after a certain size is reached
Plants growth occurs in specialized tissues called meristerm

Front 16

Meristems are:

Back 16

regions of active cell division

Front 17

Apical Meristems

Back 17

are found at the tips of roots and shoots, are covered by a root cap.
growth occurs behind the root cap in 3 zones

Front 18

Primary growth

Back 18

occurs at apical meristems, allows roots to push downward through the soil and shoots to grow upward toward the sun

Front 19

3 zones of root growth

Back 19

1) zone of cell division - the apical meristem
2) zone of cell elongation - cells lengthen by as much as 10 times
3) zone of maturation - cells differentiate into dermal, vascular, am\nd ground tissues

Front 20

The apical meristems of shoot tips

Back 20

occur as buds at the stem tip and at the base of leaves, cells produced in the shoot apical meristem differentiate into dermal, vascular and ground tissues.

Front 21

Vascular tissue produced from the apical meristem is called primary vascular tissue:

Back 21

Primary xylem
PRimary Phloem

Front 22

Secondary growth

Back 22

occurs at lateral meristems

Front 23

Lateral meristems

Back 23

are areas of active cell division that exist in tow cylinders that extend along the length of roots and shoots

Front 24

Vascular cambium

Back 24

is a lateral meristem that lies between primary xylem an phloem

Front 25

cork cambium

Back 25

is a lateral meristem that lies at the outer edge of the stem cortex

Front 26

Vascular cambium produces cells in tow directions

Back 26

secondary xylem: produces wood toward the interior of the stem
secondary phloem: produces the inner bark toward the exterior of the stem

Front 27

Cork cambium produces cells in one direction

Back 27

the outer bark, which is composed of cork cells

Front 28

wood annual rings show layers of secondary xylem;

Back 28

in temperate region, periods of dormancy stop growth of secondary xylem
rings occur in areas when new growth starts each year

Front 29

Sapwood

Back 29

transports water near the vascular cambium

Front 30

Flowers typically contain four types of highly modified leaves called floral organs:

Back 30

Sepals-enclose and protect flower bud
Petals-showy, attract pollinators
Stamens-male reproductive structures
Carpels-female reproductive structures

Front 31

Stamen has two parts

Back 31

Anther-produces pollen, which houses cells which develop into sperm
Filament- elevates anther

Front 32

Carpel has three parts

Back 32

Stigma-site of pollination
Style-"neck" that leads to ovary
Ovary-house ovules, which contain developing eggs

Front 33

Angiosperm life cycle

Back 33

fertilization occurs in the ovule, the fertilized egg develops into an embryo encased in a seed
the ovary develops into a fruit, which protects the seed and aids in dispersal
The seed germinates under suitable conditions to produce a seeding, which grows into a mature plant

Front 34

Seed dormancy

Back 34

embryo growth and development are suspended
Allows delay of germination until conditions are favorable

Front 35

Eudicot seeds:

Back 35

two cotyledons
apical meristems lack protective sheaths
endosperm absorbed by cotyledons

Front 36

Monocot seeds

Back 36

single cotyledon
apical meristems have a protective sheaths
endosperm is present

Front 37

Fruit

Back 37

protect he seed and aid in dispersal, mature fruits may be fleshy or dry
Fleshy fruits- oranges, tomatoes, grapes
Dry fruits-beans, nuts, grains

Front 38

seed germination continues the life cycle

Back 38

break seed dormancy, begins when water is take up, Eudicot seeding shoots emerge from the soil with the apical meristem " hooked" downward to protect it
Monocot seedling shoots are covered by a protective sheath and emerge straight form the soil

Front 39

Most plants are capable of asexual reproduction producing genetically identically offspring called

Back 39

clones