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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the purpose of the innr membrane of the mitochondria?
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it isolates protons (H+) from the inner compartment
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How is Acetyl-CoA produced?
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fats, proteins and lipids
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What is the lipid-soluble and freely movable molecule that when the flow of electrons from NADH reductase to the cytochromes happens?
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Ubiquinone
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_______ is a molecule with 4 C atoms and one central double bond. Succinic acid oxidizes into it.
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FUMARIC ACID
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What is the ATP formation in the mitochondria based on?
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chemiosmotic principle
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If the cell is not low in ATP what does Acetyl-CoA do?
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generates lipids
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_________are proton pumps that acidify the outer compartment of mitochondria.
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cytochroms
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What then is malic acid dehydrogenated into?
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oxaloacetic acid
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How many ATP does citric acid cylce end up with?
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18
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What are the two types of reactions in the Krebs cycle?
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Preparation and energy extraction
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How many ATP does glycolysis make in the end?
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4
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_____is one of the most important metabolites.
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Acetyl-CoA
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What is harvested for ATP in the mitochondria?
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high proton pressure
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Is the change in free energy enough to change NAD?
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no but it does reduce FAD Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide
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How many ATP does pyrumate decarboxylation end up with?
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6
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What is NAD reduced to in the last of the reductions during the tricarboxylic acid?
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NADH
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The production of energy preceeds _________
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Citric Acid cycle
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What does Acetyl-CoA do if the energy content of a given cell is low?
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it will produce the ATP needed
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How does the Krebs cycle start?
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starts with the irreversible condensation of Acetyl-CoA to the C4 molecule Oxaloacetic Acid to form C6 molecule (citric acid) which contains 3 carboxyl groups (-COOH)
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What concludes the preparation stage?
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The Isomerization of citric acid to Isocitric acid
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What is fumaric acid converted in to and how?
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Malic acid and it is done by incorporation of water
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What is formed when multienzyme leads to decarboxylation and oxidation by NAD?
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Succinyl-CoA
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What is formed when isocitric acid is oxidized by transfering H to NAD then by removing CO2?
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Ketoglutaric acid
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How does the reduction equivalent convert to ATP?
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by transfering their electrons to an electron transport system which includes the enzymes Q, Cytochromes and oxygen
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What does glycolysis and most of the Krebs cycle's yeild?
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Reduction equivalents NADH+H+ and FADH2
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What promotes the Krebs cycle
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high levels of ADP
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What is oxidatively decarboxylated in the enery extraction?
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isocitric acid
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What is the citric Acid cycle inhibited by?
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HIGH LEVELS OF: ATP (which inhibts first decarboxylation)
Succinyl-CoA (inhibits citrate formation) and oxaloacetate (inhibits fumarate) |
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What is the result of the electron transport?
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it pumps protons into the space between the two mitochondrial membranes
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what is localized in the inner membrane of the mitocondria?
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the electron transport chain
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What drives the ATP formation?
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the pH of the proton or the proton gradient
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How many ATP's does NADH+H+ AND FADH2?
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NADH+H+ yields 3 ATP and FADH2 yeilds 2 ATP
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