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182 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Constant Form of Energy Cells need
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ATP
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Plants feed using air, sunlight, and carbon (oxygen)
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Autotrophic
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Animals get carbon by eating other organisms...Dead or alive
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Heterotrophic
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Goal of Digestion
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Breakdown of large food items into molecules
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Energy to make ATP comes from things such as?
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Sugar
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Overview of the Food Cycle (Food-small food particles...
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large molecules, small molecules, into cells of your body
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Molecules have to be small enough to cross
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plasmalemma of a cell
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When you lower the pH of soil all of the elemental nutrients are
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Washed away
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What is the role of the mouth/teeth?
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Physical breakdown of large chunks of food into small food particles
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Minor Role of the mouth/teeth?
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Mouth produces enzymes in saliva that breakdown sugar
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Role of the stomach in digestion?
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Large food particles enter stomach, breakdown into small food particles
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Wallls of the stomach are
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Muscles
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Cells in stomach lining produce...
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Hydrochloric Acid
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Some cells produce mucus which..
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Protects the stomach itself from being broken down
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Minor role of stomach
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makes enzymes that attack proteins
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Role of Stomach does not equal
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Digestion
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Role of stomach (2 parts)
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1. Food storage
2. Hydrochloric acid which has a pH of 2 and kills bacteria |
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Calcium is a base that counteracts an
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acid
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When entering the small intestine we have
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small food particles and large molecules
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Duodenum
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upper 6 inches of small intestine that receive a bunch of small food particles, large molecules, and acid
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Duodenum cells produce
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numerous enzymes and so does the pancreas
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These enzymes breakdown large molecules into
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small molecules
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Enzymes primarily attack sugars and break them down into their
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components
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Pancreas also produces
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bicarbonate
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liver produces
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bile which goes to gallbladder and duodenum
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Bile
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emuslifying salts
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Bile is made of
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1/2 cholesterol and 1/2 phospholipids
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Bile is used to
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melt fat from food
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Bile takes
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big fat molecules and turns them into small food particles
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Cholesterol
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Dead red blood cells
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Auto-Trophy
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Making from scratch
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Physical breakdown
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Mouth and Stomach
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Chemical breakdown
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acid in stomach, enzymes from and in the duodenum, enzymes from the pancreas, bile
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Bile is produced in the
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liver and stored in the gallbladder
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Gallbladder squirts
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bile into the duodenum when it's needed
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emusifying salts are made of
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cholesterol and phospholipids
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Bile takes large chunks of food
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and breaks them down into molecules small enough to enter your cells
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Pancreas produces base along with
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enzymes
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The base and enzymes pancreas produces is sent to
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duodenum where the acid is dissolved
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Herbivores
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Animals that eat plants
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Cellulose
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Can't be digested and gets in the way of enzymes
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Cellulose makes it hard for
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enzymes to find sugars and such
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Herbivore animals have extremely
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long small intestines
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Carnivores
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Animals that eat meat
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Carnivores have
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smaller small intestines
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Omnivores
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Animals that eat both plants and animals
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Omnivores have
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medium sized small intestine
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Mucosae
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Folds in the small intestine (more surface area)
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Villi
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protrusions 1 millimeter out from the inside of the mucosae (capillaries inside the villi)
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Microvilli
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outside cells to the villi have microvilli attached to the outside of that cell.. like villi, but on the villi itself
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Plants make their own
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energy, unlike animals
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Deep Sea Hydrothermal Vents:
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Black smokers, releasing random high energy molecules in the earth's crust
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Chemo-autotrophic
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An organism, such as a bacterium or protozoan, that obtains its nourishment through the oxidation of inorganic chemical compounds as opposed to photosynthesis.
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Photo-Autotrophic
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They use the energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic material to be utilized in cellular functions such as biosynthesis and respiration.
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Sunlight
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Pure energy
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Packets equal
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photons
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Photons
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travel in waves and can be measured in wavelength.
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Wavelengths are measured in
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Lambdas
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Energy of photon proportioned to inverse of
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wavelength
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Light is pure energy that travels in
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photons
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Plants make their own
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energy, unlike animals
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Deep Sea Hydrothermal Vents:
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Black smokers, releasing random high energy molecules in the earth's crust
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Chemo-autotrophic
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An organism, such as a bacterium or protozoan, that obtains its nourishment through the oxidation of inorganic chemical compounds as opposed to photosynthesis.
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Photo-Autotrophic
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They use the energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic material to be utilized in cellular functions such as biosynthesis and respiration.
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Sunlight
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Pure energy
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Packets equal
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photons
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Photons
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travel in waves and can be measured in wavelength.
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Wavelengths are measured in
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Lambdas
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Energy of photon proportioned to inverse of
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wavelength
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Light is pure energy that travels in
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photons
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Pigment absorbs the
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Light energy
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When chlorophyll is "excited" then it has absorbed
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The light energy
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UV light has too much energy and if absorbed the pigment will
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fall apart
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Leaves don't absorb(...) very well (hence why they're green)
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Chlorophyll
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More chlorophyll equals
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greener plant
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De-excitation 3 parts
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1.energy from photon can be released as heat. 2. Energy is released as heat and light 3. Energy migration (important to photosynthesis)
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Phosphorescent
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process in which energy absorbed by a substance is released relatively slowly in the form of light.(Natural Occurence)
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De-excitation summary
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1. heat 2. flourescense 3. Energy migration
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Thylakoids
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Floating around in gel-like stroma (like cytosol)
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Thylakoids are
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membranes that have been squished with a hole in the middle
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Lumen
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hole in the middle of the thylakoid (filled with water)
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Chlorophylls occur in groups of pairs
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Each group has hundreds to thousands of chlorophyll molecules
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Photon hits one Chlorophyll then the energy travels and excites all the chlorophys including the
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Special chlorophyll molecule
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Special chlorophyll molecule is "special" because
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it loses an electron
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In a group of chlorophyll on left the "special chlorophyll molecule" is called
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P680
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Special chlorophyll molecule on the right is called
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P700
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NADP
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electron receptor for P700 and is converted to NADPH when the electron is recieved
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Two chemicals needed to make sugars in plants
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NADPH and ATP
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PQ is
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electron receptor for P680, must get proton when it loses an electron
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PQH
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moves down the membrane toward P700 and gives it an electron
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OEC gives P680
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the electron which it gets from water
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Sugar equals
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high energy
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Carbon Dioxide equals
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Low energy
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PQ has a unique ability to
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move around in the membrane
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NADP equals
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low energy
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NADPH equals
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high energy
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P700 can ony lose 1 electron and then that electron needs to be replaced from
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PQH
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When PQH gets close to P700 the H goes to P700 and replaces that
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lost electron (has to get rid of that proton the same time)
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The proton comes out of the membrane and goes into the
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lumen
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When P680 loses an electron it gets if from the
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OEC which gets it from H2O in the lumen
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The most widely used herbicide is
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atrazine which is used to kill plants and weeds. It kills plants by blocking the electron flow, which means no NADPH and ATP (Stops it between P680 and P700)
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Another widely used herbicide is
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Paraquat
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Paraquat is used to
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kill plants by blocking the formation of NADPH from NADP
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As Long as there is light and a supply of NADP there will always be a flow of
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NADPH
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In pH terms
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The lumen is more acidic, while the stroma is more basic
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Lumen has a () charge while the stroma has a () charge
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Lumen has positive while stroma has negative
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Electrons move up and down throughout the thykaloid membrane which is the
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electron transfer system of photosynthesis
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Photosystem I
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Chlorophylls with P700, NADP, and PQ
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Photosystem II
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OEC, chlorophylls with P680, and PQ
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ATP Synthase
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protein hole in the membrane and the ball that sits on top of the membrane
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Light Reactions of Photosynthesis: INputs...
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Light, NADP, ADP, and P
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OUtputs:
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NADPH, ATP, and Oxygen
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ATP Synthase:
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Protein hole in membrane and the ball that sits on top of the membrane
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Light reactions of PHotosynthesis
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Whole system with Photosystems I and II and the ATP SYnthase
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Dark Reactions of Photosynthesis
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CO2 into sugar (all occurs in the stroma)
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The enzyme that takes CO2 out of the air is
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Rubisco
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Sugar is useless for the immediate energy needs of the
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Cell
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Sugar has far more
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energy than ATP
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Sugar is much
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smaller than ATP
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Sugar has greater
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stability than ATP
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How much ATP do we need in a 24 hour period
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500 pounds of ATP
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Without ATP
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WE WILL DIE
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(Low energy)ADP +P is
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ATP ( High energy)
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Cellular Respiration occurs in
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all Eukaryotic cells
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Respiration occurs in
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3 groups in 3 different parts of the cell
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Part I of Cellular Respiration: Glycosis
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occurs in cytosol, overall reaction starts with sugar which has 6 carbon
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Part II of Cellular Respiration: TCA (Krebs) Cycle
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Occurs in the mitochondria/matrix
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Watery substance in the mitochondria called the
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matrix
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CO2 concentration outside budig was ()ppm and inside budig it was()
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388 outside and 1014 inside
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The formation of ATP in respiration and photosynthesis is similar in many ways.
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The type of protein that makes ATP, unequal distriution of protons across a membrane, and electron flow back and forth in a membrane
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HOw do NAD and NADP differ in function during ATP formation in respiration and photosynthesis?
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NADPH accepts electrons at the end of the photosynthetic ETS, while NADH starts electron flow in the respiratory ETS
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The Human stomach is an important organ in a number of ways...
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Chemcial breakdown of food molecules by acid, physical breakdown of food by muscular action, and destruction of harmful bacteria of food
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Oddly enough the dark reactions of photosynthesis in plants and digestion in humans have on important thing in common
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Both of these processes make or obtain high energy sugar for respiration
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What is Rubisco?
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An enzyme that absorbs CO2
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hemolymph shares an important funciton with human blood.
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Delivering sugar to the body cells
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Whih of the following describes the role of fluorescence in photosynthesis
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Energy migration among the chlorophylls
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The duodenum plays many important roles in human digestion
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electron donation to chlorophyll, energy migration among chlorophylls, and ATP formation
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The duodenum plays many roles in human digestion
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Acid content of the food solution is firtst neutralized here, enzymatic digestion of many types of food molecules, and chemical breakdown of large groups of fat begins here
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An antelope is a herbivore, while a hyena is a carnivore, which of the folllowing best predicts the length of small intestine..30 feet hyena and antelope, 10 feet hyena and 30 feet antelope, or 30 feet hyena and 10 feet antelope
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10 feet hyena and 30 feet antelope
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When the light reactions are running rapidly in a plant given plenty of light, which of the following compounds provides a continuous supply of electrons to Photosystem II and hence, PHotosystem 1 as well
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H20
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When the respiratory ETS is running rapidly in respiration, which of the following compounds provides a continuous supply of electrons to the ETS
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NADH
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Which of the following is true when comparing villi and microvilli in the small intestine
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Villi are covered with microvilli
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Which of the following contribute to the enormous surface area of the inner wall of the small intestine?
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villi, microvilli, and mucosae
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Which of the following is a better molecule than ATP as a high energy molecule for long distance transport to the cells from the small intesetine in large animals
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Sugar is smaller than ATP, Sugar has more energy than ATP, Sugar is easier to move across cell membranes than ATP
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How does a human move sugar rich blood into a particular muscle
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via a particular artery
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In both photosynthesis and respiration, the location of the ATP synthase "ball" is very important. On which side of the membrane in both systems is the ball located
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On the basic side
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Where is sugar found in human blood?
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In the red blood cells
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If an entire plant is sealed in an oxygen-free atmosphere in the light, what are the expected consequences?
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Most of the plant should live via oxygen produced in the leaves and anaerobic respiration in the roots
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If an entire plant is sealed in an oxygen-free atmosphere in the dark, what are the expected consequences?
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the entire plant will die
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What is a peumatophore?
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Structure in permanently flood plant roots that allows the roots to undergo aerobic respiration
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Why is photosynthesis not possible under infared light?
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The chlorophyll molecules don't become excited
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Why can a chlorophlast thylakoid be considered similar to the inner mitochondrial membrane?
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Both have an ETS
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HOW DO protein breakdown products cross the microvilli?
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Membrane transporters assist their movement through the microvilli
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Why does an open cirulatory system limit the potential size of a cockroach?
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because it lacks an extensive amount of fluid delivery system
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Most folks know that the CO2 a human exhales is a vile substance that comes from the lungs. Precisely where did this CO2 originate?
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the mitochondrial matrix of all living cells in the body
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What is the importance of bile in digestion?
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Breakds down large groups of fats into small groups of fat molecules
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In both Photosynthesis and respiration, ATP is made by a special membrane protein. which of the following is directly responsible for this formation of ATP
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a difference in concentration of protons across a membrane
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Which of the following processes is part of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
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Glycosis
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What is similar between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in some but not all organisms?
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Production of CO2
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Why is it impossible for the dark reactions of photosynthesis to occur in the dark?
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chloroplasts lack ATP and NADPH in the dark
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If a blood vessel were removed from a person, how might you determine whether it was a vein or artery?
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If the vessel contained one way valves, ti is a vein
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Which of the following is true about pyruvate in large organisms
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It is the product of glycolysis containing the greatest amount of energy. It is found only in the cytosol of cells and it provides energy to run the TCA Cycle
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How does an uncoupler affect the production of ATP in the Mitochondria?
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It greatly reduces such ATP production
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How does cyanide stop respiration?
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It prevents high energy electrons from leaving the ETS membrane
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What is the plant equivalent to of a human's villi?
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Chloroplast stroma
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If you could view the interior of a blood vessel in action in a living person, how might you determine whether it was a vein or artery?
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If the vessel moved blood to the capillaries it is an artery
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What is the main force that moves blood in the veins of a person?
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Muscular activity squishes the blood along
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During aerobic respiration, what is the origin of the ADP used for formation of the ATP used by the cell?
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All of the cell
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During anaerobic respiration what is the origin of the ADP used for formation of the ATP used by the Cell?
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All of the cell
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In both the photosynthetic and the respiratory ETS, why do electrons "bounce" around inside a membrane?
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because they are high energy electrons with energy provided y light or NADH
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In the spinach chlorophyll Daily Demo, why did fluorescene occur from the chlorophyll in the flask, yet fluorescence was not visible from the chlorophyll in an intact leaf?
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Because the chlorophyll in the flask had no thylakoids or stroma, so the excitation energy could not go into photosynthesis as it could in the leaf
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If the pigments in your eyes had an identical absorption spectrum as is characteristic of chlorophyll, which of the following would be difficult for you to see?
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A green shirt
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Semi-educated folks say that respiration occurs in the mitochondria. Why are half educated people only half right?
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They are ignoring glycolysis which occurs in the cytosol
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In anaerobic respiration, precisely where in the cell is the majority of the ATP made for use to fuel that cell's energy needs?
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In the cytosol
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In aerobic respiration, precisely where in the cell is the majority of ATP made for use to fuel that cell's energy needs?
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On the inner mitochondrial membrane
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During ATp formation in the light reactions whati s the origin of the ADP used to make ATP?
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Dark Reactions
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What is the benefit of an open ciruclatory sytem?
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Requires few resources to construct
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Compare the expected rate of pyruvate production in cells inside an overworked leg muscle with that in cells of a muscle at rest in a person
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The rate is higher in the muscle cells
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The salivary glands consist of () main paris along with many minor ones
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3
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In humans, , The hardest material in the body covers the tooth's exposed crown and reduces wear
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Enamel
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Between meals, the brain takes up() of the cirulating glucose, so most body cells tap fat and glycogen stores
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2/3
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How many turns of the Calvin-Benson cycle must be completed to produce on glucose molecule?
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6
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