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181 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ORDER OF NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTIONS
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RECIEVES SENSORY INPUT, IT IS PROCESSED THEN SENT VIA A MOTOR OUTPUT
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CNS?
PNS? |
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, PERIPHREAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
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STRUCUTRE OF A NEURON (4 PARTS)
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-CELL BODY
-DENEDRITES -AXON -AXON HILLCOCK |
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WHERE DO MOST ORGANELLES OCCUR?
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CELL BODY
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WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF A DENDRITE?
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RECIEVES INPUT
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WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF AN AXON?
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SENDS OUTPUT
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WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE AXON HILLCOCK?
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JOINS CELL BODY TO AXONS
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WHAT IS A SYNAPSE?
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CONNECTION FROM ONE NEURON TO ANOTHER
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WHAT IS THE SYNPATIC TERMINAL?
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THE PLACE WHERE INFORMATION IS PASSED.
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WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE PRESYNPATIC CELL?
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STARTS TO SEND SIGNAL
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WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE POSTSYNAPTIC CELL?
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RECIEVES SIGNAL
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WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE GLIA?
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NOURISHS AND INSULATES THE NEURON CELLS.
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HOW DO CELLS CONVEY ELECTRIC SIGNALS?
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MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
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WHAT IS A MEMBRANE POTENTIAL?
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INSIDE OF THE CELL IS MORE NEGATIVELY CHARGED THAN THE OUTSIDE OF THE CELL.
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THE DIFFERENCE IN CHARGE WHICH RESULTS IN A MEMBANE POTENTIAL USUALLY RANGES FROM WHAT mV?
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-60 T0 -80
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INTRACELLULAR IS MORE OR LESS NEGATIVELY CHARGED THAN THE EXTRACELLULAR FLUID?
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MORE NEGATIVELY CHARGED
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WHAT CREATES THE MEMBRANE POTENTIAL? (2)
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1. DIFFERENCE IN IONIC COMPOSITION OF THE INTRA AND EXTRACELLULAR FLUIDS (SODIUM AND POTASIUM IONS)
2.SELECTIVE PREMEABILITY OF THE PLASMA MEBRANE (ONLY CERTAIN IONS ALLOWED IN AND OUT OF CELL, AS THEY MOVE THEY TAKE CHARGE WITH THEM). |
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WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE SODIUM-POTTASIUM PUMP?
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SODIUM IN, POTTASIUM OUT USING ATP.
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WHAT HAPPENES WHEN NEURONS ARE ACTIVATED?
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MEMBRANE PREMEABILITY AND POTENTIAL CHANGE BECAUSE OF GATED ION CHANNELS
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WHAT ARE EXCITABLE CELLS?
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NEURON AND MUSCLE CELLS
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WHAT ARE GRADED POTENTIALS?
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CHANGES IN POLARIZATION WHERE MAGNITUDE OF CHANGE VARIES WITH STRENGTH OF STIMULUS
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WHAT IS HYPERPOLARIZATION?
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INCREASE MEMBRANE PREMEABLLITY TO K+ (BECOMES MORE NEGATIVE).
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WHAT IS DEPOLARIZATION?
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INCREASE MEMBRANE PREMEABILITY TO NA+ (BECOMES MORE POSITIVE)
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WHAT OCCURS DURING A STRONG DEPOLARIZATION? (4)
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1. NA+ FLOWS INTO THE NEURON
2. ACTION POTENTIAL IS PRODUCED 3.ALL OR NO RESPONSE TO STIMULI 4.MOST LAST 1-2 MILLISECONDS |
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WHAT IS AN ACTION POTENTIAL?
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A MASSIVE CHANGE IN MEMBRANE VOLTAGE. CARRIES NERVE IMPULSES OR SIGNALS ALONG AN AXON.
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WHAT OCCURS DURING THE RESTING STATE?
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SOME CHANNELS OPEN TO MAINTAIN GRADIENT FROM NEGATIVE TO POSITIVE.
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WHAT HAPPENS DURING DEPOLARIZATION?
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A STIMULUS IS RECIEVED, SODIUM CHANNELS OPEN AND THERE IS AN INCREASE IN VOLTAGE.
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WHAT CAUSES THE PEAK OF AN ACTION POTENTIAL?
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NA+ RUSHES INTO THE CELL MAKING THE FLUID LESS NEGATIVE (POSITIVE FEEDBACK OCCURS).
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WHAT IS AN UNDERSHOOT?
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POTTASIUM LEAVES CELL, NEXT STEP IS RESTING STATE
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HOW DO ACTION POTENTIALS "TRAVEL"?
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ALONG AXON TO OTHER END OF CELL
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2 WAYS TO INCREASE ACTION POTENTIAL SPEED?
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INCREASE AXON DIAMETER, NODES OF RANVIER
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WHAT ARE SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH PERFORMANCE AXONS?
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-AXONS OF VERETBRATES ARE MYELINATED.
-INSULATING LAYER RESULTS FROM SCHWANN CELLS. |
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WHAT ARE SCHWANN CELLS?
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GLIAL CELLS, GENERATES MYLEIN SHEATH
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DEPOLARIZATION AND ACTION POTENTIAL OCCUR ONLY WHERE?
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IN THE NODES (RANVIER) BECAUSE ITS THE ONLY PART EXPOSED TO EXTRACELLULAR FLUID.
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HOW DO NEURONS COMMUNICATE WITH OTHER CELLS?
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SYNAPSE
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SYNAPSE BETWEEN NEURONS: TRANSMITTING CELL
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PRESYNAPTIC CELL
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SYNAPSE BETWEEN NEURONS: RECEIVING CELL
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POSTSYNPATIC CELL
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TWO TYPES OF SYNAPSES?
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ELECTRICAL AND CHEMICAL
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WHAT HAPPENS AT ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES?
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ELECTRICAL CURRENT FLOWS FROM ONE NEURON TO ANOTHER
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WHAT OCCURS AT CHEMICAL SYNAPSES?
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A NEUROTRANSMITTER CARRIES INFROMATION ACROSS A GAP JUNCTION
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WHAT HAPPENS WHEN NEUROTRANSMITTERS BIND TO ION CHANNELS ON THE POST-SYNAPTIC MEMBRANE?
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ION CHANNELS OPEN RESULTING IN EITHER HYPER OR DEPOLARIZATION.
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DEPOLARIZATION IS STIMULATORY OR INHIBITORY?
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STIMULATORY
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HYPERPOLARIZATION IS STIMULATORY OF INHIBITORY?
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INHIBITORY
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HOW DO CHANNELS CLOSE AGAIN ONCE OPEN?
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ENZYMATIC DEGREDATION OF THE NEUROTRANSMITTER (WE NO LONGER HAVE IT. UPTAKES ANOTHER NEUROTRANSMITTER FROM OTHER NEURONS
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SIMPLEST FORM OF NERVE ORGANIZATION?
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NERVE NETS
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IN A VERTEBRATE NERVOUS SYSTEM, THE CNS CONTAINS?
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THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD
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IN A VERTEBRATE NERVOUS SYSTEM, THE PNS CONTAINS?
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NERVES AND GANGLIA
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WHAT IS A MAIN ROLE OF THE SPINAL CORD?
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REFLEX (DOESNT GO TO BRAIN FIRST)
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VERTEBRATE CNS CONTAINS? (2)
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1. CENTRAL CANAL AND VENTRICLES (HOLLOW SPACE IN VENTRICLES)
2. CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CUSHIONS BRAIN AND SPINAL FLUID). |
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WHAT IS GRAY MATTER?
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NEURON CELL BODIES, DENDRITES, AND UNMYLINATED AXONS
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WHAT IS WHITE MATTER?
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BUNDELS OF MYELINATED AXONS
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MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF PNS (2) ?
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1. TRASNMITTS INFO TO AND FROM CNS
2.REGULATES MOVEMENT AND INTERNAL ENVIORNMENT |
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WHAT DOES THE PNS CONSIST OF (2)?
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1. CRANIAL NERVES: TO HEAD AND UPPER BODY
2. SPINAL NERVES: TO LOWER HALF OF BODY |
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WHAT ARE THE TWO FUNCTIONAL COMPONETS OF THE PNS?
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MOTOR SYSTEM: CARRIES SIGNALS TO SKELETAL MUSCLES (VOLUNTARY)
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM: REGULATES INTERNAL ENVIORNMENTS (INVOLUNTARY) |
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3 DIVISIONS OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM?
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1. SYMPATHETIC: COORELATES FIGHT-OR-FLIGHT (EXCITEMENT)
2. PARASYMPETHEIC: RETURN TO REST AND DIGEST (CALMING) 3. ENTERIC (CONTROLS ACTIVITY OF DIGESTIVE TRACT, PANCREAS, AND GALLBLADDER). |
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2 TYPES OF SENSORY MECHANISMS
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1. STIMULI (FORMS OF ENERGY)
2. SENSATION: CONVERTS ENERGY INTO A CHANGE IN MEMBRANE POTENTIAL OF SENSORY RECEPTORS |
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7 STEPS OF THE SENSORY PATHWAY:
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1. RECEPTION
2. TRANSDUCTION 3. AMPLIFICATION 4. SENSORY ADAPTATION 5. TRANSMISSION 6. INTEGRATION 7. PERCEPTION |
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RECEPTION?
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RECIEVES SIGNAL BY SENSORY RECEPTORS
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TRANSDUCTION?
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CONVERTS STIMULUS TO A CHANGE IN MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
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AMPLIFICATION?
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STRENGTHENS SIGNAL
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SENSORY ADAPTATION
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DECREASED RESPONSIVNESS DUE TO CONTINUED STIMULUS
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TRANSMISSION
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RECEPTOR OR POTENTIAL TRIGGERS AN ACTION POTENTIAL OR RELEASE OF NEUROTRANSMITTER
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PERCEPTION
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THE BRAINS CONSTRUCTION OF STIMULI
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TYPES OF SENSORY RECEPTORS? (5)
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1. mechanoreceptors
2. chemoreceptors 3. ELECTROMAGNETIC RECEPTORS 4. THERMORECEPTORS 5. PAIN RECEPTORS |
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FUNCTION OF MECHANORECEPTORS?
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SENSE PRESSURE, MUSCLE TENSION, TOUCH, VIBRATION, AND SOUNDS
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FUNCTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RECEPTORS?
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DETECT ELECTROMAGENTIC ENERGY (LIGHT, ELECTRICTY, AND MAGNETISM)
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THERMORECEPTORS?
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DETECT HEAT OR COLD. HELP REGULATE BODY TEMP BY SIGNALING BOTH SURFACE AND BODY CORE TEMP
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FUNCTION OF PAIN RECEPTORS?
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RESPOND TO EXCESS HEAT, PRESSURE, OR CHEMICALS RELEASED FROM DAMAGED OR INFLAMED TISSUE
USUALLY ARE NAKED DENDRITES IN THE EPIDERMIS |
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TWO TYPES OF IMAGE FORMING EYES?
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COMPUND AND SINGLE-LENSE EYES
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COMOUND EYES?
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IN INSECTS, HAVE MANY OMITIDIA. THEY EASILY DETECT MOVEMENT
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SINGLE-LENSE EYES?
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HAS IRIS, THAT CHANGES THE DIAMETER OF THE PUPIL TO CONTROL HOW MUCH LIGHT COMES IN.
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HOW THE VETERBRATE VISUAL SYSTEM WORK?
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EYE DETECTS COLOR AND LIGHT, BRAIN ASSEMBLES INFORMATION TO PERCIEVE THE IMAGE.
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2 TYPES OF PHOTORECEPTORS:
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RODS AND CONES.
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HOW DO RODS FUNCTION?
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THEY ARE LIGHT SENSITIVE BUT DONT DISTINGUISH COLORS
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HOW DO CONES FUNCTION?
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THEY DISTINGUISH COLOR AND ARE NOT AS SENSITIVE TO LIGHT
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RETINAL?
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A LIGHT ABSORBING MOLECULE
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OPSIN?
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PROTIEN
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RODS CONTAIN __ WHICH CHANGES SHAPE WHEN ABSORBING LIGHT.
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RHODOPSIN
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CONES CONTAIN COLOR PIGMENTS CALLED __ TO DETECT LIGHT OF DIFFERENT WAVELENGHTS: RED, GREEN AND BLUE
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PHOTOPSINS
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WHAT IS ANIMAL BEHAVIOR?
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NEROUS SYSTEM'S RESPONSE TO A STIMULI
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WHAT IS ETHOLOGY?
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STUDY OF ANIMAL BEHVIOR, ESPEICALLY IN NATURAL ENVIORNMENTS
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WHAT IS PROXIMATE CAUSATION?
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"HOW" -ENVIORNMENTAL SIMTULI THAT TRIGGERS BEHAVIOR,
-Genetic, physiological, and anatomical mechanisms underlying a behavior |
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WHAT IS ULTIMATE CAUSATION?
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"WHY" -EVOLUTIONARY SIGINIFICANCE OF A BEHAVIOR
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WHAT IS BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY?
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Study of the ecological & evolutionary basis for animal behavior
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WHAT ARE FIXED ACTION PATTERNS?
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A sequence of unlearned, innate behaviors that is unchangeable
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WHAT IS AN INNATE BEHAVIOR?
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developmentally fixed and under strong genetic influence
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WHAT IS A SIGN STIMULUS?
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EXTERNAL CUE
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WHAT IS ORIENTED MOVEMENT?
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-Movement in a particular direction
-Triggered by environmental cues |
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WHAT IS A KINESIS?
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a simple change in activity or turning rate in response to a stimulus
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WHAT IS A TAXIS?
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a more or less automatic, oriented movement toward or away from a stimulus
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WHAT IS THE CIRCADIAN CLOCK?
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an internal 24-hour clock that is an integral part of their nervous system (ANIMALS)
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WHAT IS THE CIRCADIAN RYTHM?
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a daily cycle of rest and activity
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WHAT IS THE CIRCANNUAL RYTHM?
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changing seasons
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WHAT IS LEARNING?
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modification of behavior based on specific experiences
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WHAT IS HABITUATION?
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simple form of learning that involves the loss of response to a stimulus
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WHAT IS IMPRINTING?
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– learning & innate components (an organism is attatched to another organism early in life
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WHAT IS ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING?
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associates one thing with something else and responds (example: a mouse eats a brightly colored catapilar and tastes bad, every time they see bright catapilars they will associate it with that)
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WHAT IS CLASSICAL CONDITIONING?
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Stimulus causes response due to reward or punishment (EX. PAVLOVS DOG)
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WHAT IS OPERANT CONDITIONING?
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trial and error. (dog eats porcupine, and realizes they will never do that again) behavior associated with response.
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PROMISCOUS MATING
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- with no strong pair-bonds or lasting relationships
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MONOGAMOUS
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1 male mated to 1 female
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POLYGAMOUS
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an individual of one sex mated to many of another
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POLYANDY
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1 female mated to lots of males
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POLYGYNY
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1 male mated to lots of females
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SEXUAL MONOMORPHISM
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SEXES LOOK THE SAME
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SEXUAL DIAMORPHISMS
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SEXES LOOK DIFFERENT
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INTER-SEXUAL SELECTION
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members of one sex choose mates on the basis of certain traits
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INTRA-SEXUAL SELECTION
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competition between members of the same sex for mates (males fighting over females, or food).
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WHAT IS ECOLOGY?
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The study of interactions between organisms & the environment
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WHAT IS DITRIBUTION?
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the area (location) occupied by a group of organisms
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WHAT IS ABUNDANCE?
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the number of organisms in an area
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WHAT IS DISPERSAL?
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movement away from centers of high population density or from birthplace
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WHAT ARE BIOTIC FACTORS?
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OTHER LVING SPECIES
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WHAT ARE ABIOTIC FACTORS?
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NON-LIVING
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WHAT IS CLIMATE?
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THE LONG TERM WEATHER CONDITIONS IN AN AREA
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ROLE OF LARGE BODIES OF WATER?
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• Oceans and their currents and large lakes moderate the climate of nearby terrestrial environments
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WHAT ARE BIOMES?
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major life zones that occupy broad geographic regions of land or water. CAN BE AQUATIC OR TERRESTRIAL
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WHAT IS THERMOCLINE?
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a temperature boundary. separates the warm upper layer from the cold deeper water
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WHAT IS THE TURNOVER PERIOD IN A LAKE?
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a semiannual mixing of their waters
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WHAT ARE OLGIOTROPHIC LAKES?
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nutrient-poor and generally oxygen-rich
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WHAT ARE EUTROPHIC LAKES?
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nutrient-rich and often depleted of oxygen if ice covered in winter
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ZONES OF LAKES? (2)
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LITTORAL (SHALLOW)
lIMNETIC (DEEP) |
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CHARACTERISTICS OF TERRESTRIAL BIOMES (2)
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DETERMINED BY CLIMATE, MODIFIED BY DISTURBANCE
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WHAT IS A ECOTONE?
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in between two habitat types, (might contain features of both)
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POPULATION?
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a group of individuals of a single species living in the same general area
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DENSITY?
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THE NUMBER OF INDIVDUALS PER UNIT AREA OR VOLUME
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IMMIGRATION?
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INDIVDUALS MOVE INTO A POPULATION
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EMMIGRATION?
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INDIVIDUALS MOVE OUT OF A POPULATION.
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DISPERSION?
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The pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population
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WHAT IS DEMOGRAPHY?
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the study of the vital statistics of a population & how they change over time
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WHAT IS A LIFE TABLE?
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an age-specific summary of the survival pattern of a population
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WHAT IS A SURVIVORSHIP CURVE?
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a graphic way of representing the data in a life table
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SC1
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low death rates during early and middle life, then an increase among older age groups
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SC2
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the death rate is constant over the organism’s life span
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SC3
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high death rates for the young, then a slower death rate for survivors
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WHAT IS ZERO POPULATION GROWTH?
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when the birth rate equals the death rate
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WHAT IS EXPONENTIAL POPULATION GROWTH?
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population increase under idealized conditions
-RATE OF REPRODUCTION is at its maximum -Equation of exponential population growth: -Can’t be sustained for long |
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WHAT IS LOGISTIC GROWTH?
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As population size approaches carrying capacity, the rate of increase (overall population growth) decreases
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WHAT IS THE CARRYING CAPACTIY (K)?
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the maximum population size the environment can support
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WHAT ARE DENSITY DEPENDENT FACTORS?
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a population from growing indefinitely:
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WHAT IS A COMMUNITY?
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A group of populations of various species living close enough for potential interaction
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WHAT ARE INTERSPECIFIC INTERACTIONS?
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INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SPECIES (-/-) INTERACTION
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WHAT IS AN ECOLOGICAL NICHE?
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allows tWo organisms with similar needs to live in the same area
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WHAT IS RESOURCE PARTIONING?
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DIVIOSN OF ECOLOGICAL NICHES
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WHAT IS CHARACTER DISPLACEMENT?
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tendency for characteristics to be more divergent in sympatric populations (living together) of two species than in allopatric populations (living apart) of the same two species
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WHAT IS PREDATION?
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(+/– interaction) one species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey
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WHAT IS HERBIVORY?
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(+/– interaction)
•Evolution of: –Plant mechanical and chemical defenses –Adaptations by herbivores |
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WHAT IS SYMBIOSIS?
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a relationship where two or more species live in direct and intimate contact with one another
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WHAT IS PERATISM?
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(+/– interaction), one organism, the parasite, derives nourishment from another organism, its host, which is harmed in the process
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ENDOPARASITES ARE?
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INTERNAL
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ECTOPARASITES ARE?
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EXTERNAL
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WHAT IS SPECIES DIVERSITY?
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the variety of different kinds of organisms in the community
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WHAT IS TROPHIC STRUCTURE?
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feeding relationships between organsisms
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WHAT IS SPECIES RICHNESS?
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the total number of different species in the community
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WHAT IS RELATIVE ABUNDANCE?
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the pop each species represents of the total individuals in the community
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WHAT ARE FOOD CHAINS?
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link trophic levels from producers to top carnivores
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WHAT IS A FOOD WEB?
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a branching food chain with complex trophic interactions
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WHAT ARE DOMINANT SPECIES?
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are those that are most abundant or have highest biomass
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WHAT IS BIOMASS?
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the total mass of all individuals in a population
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WHAT ARE KEYSTONE SPECIES?
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exert strong control on a community by their ecological roles, or niches
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WHAT ARE FOUNDATION SPECIES?
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(ecosystem “engineers”)
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WHAT IS ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION?
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the sequence of community and ecosystem changes after a disturbance
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WHAT IS PRIMARY SUCCESSION?
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occurs where no soil exists when succession begins
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WHAT IS SECONDARY SUCCESSION?
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begins in an area where soil remains after a disturbance
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WHAT IS AN ECOSYSTEM?
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consists of all the organisms living in a community, as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact
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WHAT ARE DETRIVORES?
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are consumers that derive their energy from detritus, nonliving organic matter
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WHAT IS PRIMARY PRODUCTION?
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The amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs during a given time period
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WHAT IS GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCION? (GPP)
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Total primary production
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WHAT IS NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION (NPP)?
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is GPP minus energy used by primary producers for respiration
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WHAT IS SECONDARY PRODUCTION?
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the amount of chemical energy in food converted to new biomass (i.e. new growth) during a given period of time
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WHAT IS TROPHIC ENERGY?
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percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next
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WHAT IS A PYRAMID OF NET PRODUCTION?
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represents the loss of energy with each transfer in a food chain
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BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES ARE?
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Nutrient circuits in ecosystems involve biotic and abiotic components
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WHAT IS EUTROPHIFICATION?
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Increased growth of algae or cyanobacteria caused by high nutrient concentrations in water
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WHAT IS BIOLOGICAL MAGNIFICATION?
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concentrates toxins at higher trophic levels, where biomass is lower
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WHAT IS CONSERVATION BIOLOGY?
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seeks to preserve life, integrates several fields:
– Ecology – Physiology – Molecular biology – Genetics – Evolutionary biology |
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WHAT IS RETORATION ECOLOGY?
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applies ecological principles to return degraded ecosystems to conditions as similar as possible to their natural state
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WHAT ARE INTRODUCED SPECIES?
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those that humans move from native locations to new geographic regions
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WHAT IS OVEREXPLOTATION?
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is human harvesting of wild plants or animals at rates exceeding the ability of populations of those species to rebound
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WHAT IS A MOVEMENT CORRIDOR?
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a narrow strip of quality habitat connecting otherwise isolated patches
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WHAT IS A BIODIVERSITY HOT SPOT?
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a relatively small area with a great concentration of endemic species (native), many endangered species (very close to extinction) & threatened species (species that may be endangered soon)
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