Biol 145 Final #1

Front 1

Anything that happens

Back 1

Stimulus

Front 2

A stimulus triggers a sensory receptor

Back 2

Detection

Front 3

sensory receptor sends an electrical impulse to the brain telling the brain what it just detected

Back 3

Transduction

Front 4

The electric impulse that reaches the brain

Back 4

Sensation

Front 5

The brain’s awareness and interpretation of a sensation

Back 5

Perception

Front 6

What are the sense for?

Back 6

relay the important aspects of the outside world to facilitate survival and and reproduction of the organism

Front 7

respond to photons of light are what

Back 7

Photoreceptors

Front 8

respond to changes in temperature is what

Back 8

Thermoreceptors

Front 9

respond to the presence of chemicals is what

Back 9

Chemoreceptors

Front 10

respond to the physical distortion is what

Back 10

Mechanoreceptors

Front 11

respond to the Earth’s magnetic field is what

Back 11

Magnetoreceptors

Front 12

respond to stimuli usually resulting from tissue damage (pain) is what

Back 12

Nociceptors

Front 13

humans can see light wavelengths between about ______and ______ nm

Back 13

400 and 700

Front 14

Cones have what characteristics?

Back 14

Low sensitivity to light

High Resolution

Responsible for Color Vision

Front 15

Rods have what characteristics?

Back 15

HIgh Sensitivity to light

Low Resolution

Good for Low light detection

1 photopigment present

Front 16

Some amphibians (very few studied!) seem to be able to detect light wavelengths between about ______‐________nm.

Back 16

350‐650nm

Front 17

Some lizards (Many? Further research needed) can see light wavelengths between about 350nm to 650‐700nm. Ability to distinguish colors appears to be well‐developed. T or F

Back 17

T

Front 18

What do lizards do with their excellent vision?

Back 18

Find mates, and evaluate their quality

Find prey

Detect Predators

Front 19

Lizards did not originally lose their rods. T or F

Back 19

False - They did originally lose their rods

Front 20

Snakes lost their cones, and almost their rods, too. T or F

Back 20

T

Front 21

How did snakes gain sight back?

Back 21

By re‐evolving cones from their rods.

Front 22

Nocturnal lizard taxa have re‐evolved the ability to see in low‐light conditions by modifying their cones. T or F

Back 22

T

Front 23

The eyelid of a snake has fused to form what?

Back 23

Transparent spectacle

Front 24

How does a snakes lens focus

Back 24

By moving back and forth

Front 25

What is polarized light?

Back 25

When light passes through the atmosphere, some of it is scattered in a direction perpendicular to the sun

Front 26

What does polarized light do?

Back 26

Allow you to tell where the sun is at

Front 27

DOes polarized light work in overcast conditions?

Back 27

No

Front 28

Some herps can detect polarized light and use this info as a directional cue called what?

Back 28

celestial orientation

Front 29

Where is the 3rd eye located and what body does it connect with?

Back 29

On top of skull and it connects to the pineal body

Front 30

What plays an important part in setting the internal clock and regulating circadian rythyms?

Back 30

Pineal body

Front 31

what is responsible for secretion of melatonin at night and plays a role in our sleep cycle?

Back 31

Homologous

Front 32

What animals have a 3rd eye?

Back 32

Frogs, Tuataras, and many lizards

Front 33

What animals have pineal body?

Back 33

All reptiles except crocs

Front 34

What animals do not have 3rd eye

Back 34

Salamanders and Caecilians

Front 35

Infrared (IR) is what?

Back 35

low‐energy electromagnetic radiation (microwave, radio)

Front 36

What taxa has two frontally-located pits on their head (loreal pits) that are sensitive to IR (infrared radiation)

Back 36

Pit vipers and rattlesnakes

Front 37

Pit vipers are extremely sensitive to small changes in temperature to what degree?

Back 37

.003 c

Front 38

This affects when and where IR‐detecting snakes are most active is when?

Back 38

Temperate Zones (Dusk, morning)

Tropics (night, day)

Front 39

Snakes need their body temperature to be _______ enough to function

Back 39

warm

Front 40

any type of detection of chemicals: can be airborne, waterborne, or substrate‐borne is what

Back 40

Chemoreception

Front 41

3 main types of chemoreception

Back 41

–Olfaction(smell)

–Vomerolfaction(using the vomeronasal organ)–Gustation(taste)

Front 42

WHat is the principle detection method for snakes?

Back 42

vomerolfaction

Front 43

Chemoreception can be used for finding food which involves airborne chemicals that is referred to as what?

Back 43

Smell

Front 44

Vomerolfaction can be substrate or airborne. T or F

Back 44

T

Front 45

How is the vomeronasal organ accessed?

Back 45

Nostrils or oral cavity

Front 46

What is the final discriminator in chemoreception?

Back 46

Taste - GUstation

Front 47

Taste buds are abundant in taxa that have what?

Back 47

Fleshy tongues

Front 48

Caecilians have a _______ ________ that interfaces with the vemoronasal organ.

Back 48

Sensory Tentacle

Front 49

Salamanders possess _______________ ________ that odor molecules move along by capillary action through the nostrils to the vemoronasal organ.

Back 49

Nasalabial grooves

Front 50

Snakes have no outer ear, but do have an inner ear. T or F

Back 50

T

Front 51

Salamanders and caecilians have tympana, but still possess an inner ear. T or F

Back 51

F They lack tympana, and still possess an inner ear

Front 52

What do most frogs possess for hearing?

Back 52

Tympanan

Front 53

In taxa that lack tympana, how do they hear?

Back 53

low‐frequency vibrations can be transmitted via the skeleton tothe inner ear.

Front 54

Tactile is what?

Back 54

Meconoreceptors on the skin

Front 55

Mechanoreceptors in lateral line system consist of small sets of _________(hair‐like cellular projections) that only bend in _____ _______

Back 55

Cilia ; one direction

Front 56

What does the direction of cilia in the lateral line system convey?

Back 56

Subtle changes in water flow

Front 57

Ability to detect the magnetic field of the Earth is what?

Back 57

Magnetoreception

Front 58

When do you start to see UV rays ?

Back 58

350

Front 59

If you could only see to 650, what color would appear black?

Back 59

Red

Front 60

polygynous species do what

Back 60

Males mate with multiple female

Front 61

Purpose of communication for Polygynous male species is what? (6)

Back 61

–Attract a mate!

–Indicate species and sex

–Indicate location

–territory quality

–Indicate size

–Assess competitors

Front 62

THe purpose of communication for females in a polygynous species is what? (3)

Back 62

–Locate a mate

–Evaluate mate

–Indicate reproductive status

Front 63

Females are usually receivers, little signaling t or f

Back 63

True

Front 64

Original strength of signal affects rate of reception is what?

Back 64

Signal

Front 65

Interference of transmission medium may degrade signal, oftentimes rapidly is what?

Back 65

Transmission

Front 66

Signal reception is limited by finite receiver sensitivity is what?

Back 66

Receiving sensory structure

Front 67

What the receiving individual decides to do about the perceived signal, e.g., ignore, respond, etc is what?

Back 67

Perception and integration of the signal

Front 68

Constraints & Costs of Communication is what? (4)

Back 68

-Energetically Expensive

-Can be difficult depending on body size

-Environmental noise

-Messages can always be intercepted

Front 69

Ways of Increasing Signal Reception is what? (7)

Back 69

-Increase size of signal

-Increase signal background contrast

-MOvement

-Repitition

-Broadcast where less interference

-CHange signal

-CHange transmission medium

Front 70

Communication is intimately tied to what?

Back 70

Sensory Modes

Front 71

Females are not picky. T or F

Back 71

False - Females can be extre

Front 72

What are the Different Modes of Communication

Back 72

Visual

Acoustic

Chemical

Tactile

Multimodal!

Front 73

Visual Charcteristics are what and who uses it?

Back 73

–Typically most useful during the day

–Easily obstructed, need line‐of‐sight for effective transmission

–Location of source is easy

Most common among:–All groups of herpsexcept caecilians.

Front 74

Acoustic Communication characteristics and who uses it?

Back 74

–Subject to noise interference from biotic or abiotic sources

–Location of source relatively straightforward, even with line‐of‐sight obstructions

Most common among:–Frogs–Crocodylians–Geckos.

Front 75

Chemical Communication characteristics and who uses it?

Back 75

–Can be difficult to locate source

–Cannot be readily modified, makes complex signaling difficult

Most common among:–Salamanders–Some squamates (especially snakes and their kin)–Caecilians–Turtles.

Front 76

Tactile (touch) Communication characteristics and who uses it?

Back 76

–Can be very complex

–Particularly used in courtship and combat• Most common among:

–All herp taxa.

Front 77

Salamanders use what type of communication?

Back 77

–Chemical(Pheremones)

–Tactile (rake/puncture skin)

–Also some visual

Front 78

Frogs use what type of communication and used for what?

Back 78

Auditory (some visual (flagging) and chemical (larval)) and used for:

Advertisement

Courtship

Territorial

Aggressive

Reciprocation(rare, female back to male), Release

Distress

Front 79

Lizards use what type of communication?

Back 79

Visual

Chemical

Tactile

(auditory = Geckos only)

Front 80

Frogs produce sound by passing air over vocal cords. T or F

Back 80

T

Front 81

______ _______vibrates (mouth doesn’t typically open during vocalization).

Back 81

Vocal Sac

Front 82

Resonating chamber =

Back 82

resonating sac

Front 83

Lizards visual communication can consist of what?

Back 83

–Head bobbing

–Dewlap extensions

–Push‐ups

–Gaping

–Body inflation

Front 84

Snakes use what type of communication?

Back 84

Tactile

Chemical

Front 85

Turtles use what type of communication?

Back 85

Visual

Tactile

(some chemical)

Front 86

Crocs use what type of communication?

Back 86

–Auditory

–Visual

–Tactile

Most vocal

Front 87

Monogamy

Back 87

Individual only has one mate.

Front 88

Polygyny

Back 88

Single male mates with multiple female

Front 89

Polyandry

Back 89

Single female mates with multiple males

Front 90

Polygamy

Back 90

Both males and females mates with multiple individuals

Front 91

The ratio of sexually mature males to fertilizable females at any given time is what?

Back 91

Operational sex Ratio

Front 92

Sexual is what?

Back 92

–Male and a female are needed to produce offspring.

–Females make the babies, males fertilize.

Front 93

Unisexual is what?

Back 93

–Typically, the species has only females.

–Genetic contribution of males is not needed, or not incorporated into the offsprings’ genome.

Front 94

Pros of unisexualreproduction (3)

Back 94

–Fast

–Colonization easy

–stable environment

Front 95

Cons of unisexual reproduction (2)

Back 95

-Zero Diversity

-Offspring are clones

Front 96

Pros of sexual reproduction (2)

Back 96

Diversity

Purging of bad Alleles

Front 97

Cons of Sexual reproduction (4)

Back 97

Only 1/2 genes are passed down

Only 1/2 species can make babies

Courtship difficult

Colonization harder

Front 98

Unfertilized eggs give rise to viable offspring is what

Back 98

Parthenogenesis

Front 99

cannot reproduce sexually is what

Back 99

Obligate parthenogen

Front 100

normally sexual species that can sometimes reproduce unisexually is what

Back 100

Facultative parthenogen