Biol 189 Final Test Questions

Front 1

nutrients

Back 1

-all living organisms acquire nutrients from environment

Front 2

electron

Back 2

-a component of an atom that does not add significantly to its mass

Front 3

elements contained in all living things

Back 3

-nitrogen
-phosphorus
-sulfur
-carbon

Front 4

covalent bond

Back 4

-sharing of electrons between atoms
-strongest bond

Front 5

ionic bonds

Back 5

-transfer of electrons from one atom to another

Front 6

molecule of water

Back 6

-formed during formation of a peptide linkage

Front 7

buffers

Back 7

-maintain a constant pH when either acids or bases are added to them

Front 8

amphipathic

Back 8

-molecules that are both attracted to water and repel water

Front 9

disaccharide

Back 9

-which is composed of 2 glucose units
-ie. maltose

Front 10

what determines if a molecule is polar, nonpolar, or ionic?

Back 10

-differences in the electonegativities of the atoms of the atom

Front 11

ionic bonds of sodium chloride is formed when

Back 11

-chlorine gains an electron from sodium

Front 12

aldeheydes and ketones are very similar in that they both contain

Back 12

-C=O group

Front 13

atomic number

Back 13

-number of protons in an element

Front 14

fatty acids

Back 14

-molecules composed of hydrocarbon chain and carboxyl group

Front 15

mass number

Back 15

-atom determined by the sum of the number of protons and neutrons it contains

Front 16

function of starch

Back 16

-principle energy storage compound of plants

Front 17

function of glycogen

Back 17

-main storage of energy in animals

Front 18

the ability of an atom to combine with other atoms is determined by

Back 18

-number and distribution of electrons

Front 19

how many electrons does carbon share in order to complete its valence shell? (Carbon 6)

Back 19

-4

Front 20

general chemical formula for carbohydrates includes the atoms

Back 20

C,H,O

Front 21

metabolism

Back 21

-all chemical transformations and other work done in cell or organism

Front 22

equilibrium

Back 22

-narrow, stable range of conditions in which cells are maintained within body of an organism

Front 23

hydrogen bond

Back 23

-attraction between slight positive charge on a hydrogen atom and slight negative charge of nearby electronegative atoms

Front 24

basic structure of a biological membrane

Back 24

-consists of phospholipid bilayer, with a hydrophobic interior and hydrophillic exterior

Front 25

functional group of written as -COOH

Back 25

-carboxl

Front 26

the reaction H--A--OH -> H-A-B--OH + H2O represents

Back 26

-hydrolysis

Front 27

proteins are polymers composed of

Back 27

-amino acids

Front 28

all proteins

Back 28

-consist of 1 or more polypeptide chains

Front 29

difference between DNA and RNA

Back 29

-DNA consist of deoxyribose
-RNA consist of ribose

Front 30

monosaccharides

Back 30

-monomers that make up polymeric carbohydrates like starch

Front 31

amino acids of protein keratin are arranged in an alpha helix. secondary structure is stabilized by

Back 31

-hydrogen bonds

Front 32

nucleotide of DNA is made up of

Back 32

-base and deoxyribose sugar and phosphate

Front 33

amphipathic

Back 33

-molecules that are both attracted to water and repel water

Front 34

condensation reaction

Back 34

-protein synthesis result from them
-polysaccharide synthesis results from them
-involve covalent bond
-different condensation reaction produce different kinds of macromolecules

Front 35

enzymes

Back 35

-are proteins
-have specific amino acid sequence
-are highly specific
-lower the energy barier

Front 36

intermediate filaments

Back 36

-tough rope like filaments that stabilize cell structure and resist tension

Front 37

metabolic pathways

Back 37

-the product of one reaction is reactant for the next reaction
-series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions
-similar in all organisms
-are compartmentalized in eukaryotes

Front 38

aquaporins

Back 38

-plants and animal cells have membrane channels that allow water to pass through

Front 39

peroxisomes

Back 39

-collect and neutralize toxic peroxides that are formed unavoidably as side products of important cellular reactions

Front 40

capsule

Back 40

-surround some bacteria with outer layer of slime

Front 41

cofactors

Back 41

-zinc ions that bind to enzymes

Front 42

phagocytosis

Back 42

-process by which plasma membrane engulfs large particles or even whole cells

Front 43

the difference between nucleosides and nucleotides

Back 43

-only nucleotides contain phosphate group

Front 44

nucleotides in RNA are connected to one another in polynucleotide chain by

Back 44

-covalent bonds between bases

Front 45

cytoskeleton consist of

Back 45

-microtubules
-intermediate filaments
-microfilaments

Front 46

primary structure

Back 46

-is held by covalent bonds
-is unique to its protein
-determines the tertiary structure of the protein
-sequence of amino acids in protein

Front 47

the driving force of active transport

Back 47

-ATP hydrolysis

Front 48

ribosomes are the structure in which

Back 48

-genetic information used to make proteins

Front 49

major distinction between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell

Back 49

-prokaryotic cells do not have nucleus, whereas eukaryotic does

Front 50

double helix structure in DNA is overall result from

Back 50

-hydrogen bonding of 2 complementary polynucleotide strands

Front 51

noncompetitive inhibitor inhibits binding of a substrate to an enzyme by

Back 51

-binding to an active site

Front 52

bases found in DNA

Back 52

-Adenine
-Thymine
-Guanine
-Cytosine

Front 53

feedback inhibition

Back 53

-process by which and end product acts as an inhibitor of the commitment step in metabolic pathway

Front 54

chromatin is series of entangled threads composed of

Back 54

-protein and DNA

Front 55

binding of substrate to active site of an enzyme is

Back 55

-reversible

Front 56

plasma membrane of a cell

Back 56

-separates the cell form its environment
-regulates what goes into and out of cell
-helps maintain constant internal environment

Front 57

secondary structure

Back 57

-beta pleated sheet organization in a polypeptide protein

Front 58

hydrophillic regions of a membrane protein are most likely

Back 58

-exposed on the surface of a membrane

Front 59

quaternary structure is found in proteins

Back 59

-composed of subunits

Front 60

chlorolplasts are structures in which

Back 60

-sunlight energy is converted into chemical energy

Front 61

peptide chains have a

Back 61

-N terminus end and a C terminus end

Front 62

active site

Back 62

-the part of the enzyme that binds with a substrate

Front 63

components of endomembrane system

Back 63

-rough ER
-smooth ER
-Golgi apparatus
-lysosomes

Front 64

steroids such as cholesterol are synthesized by

Back 64

-smooth ER

Front 65

amino acids can be grouped according to the properties of their

Back 65

-R groups

Front 66

diffusion

Back 66

-does not require ATP
-continues until molecular structure concentrations are in equilibrium
-molecules move from areas of greater concentration to areas of lesser concentration
-random process

Front 67

functional roles of membrane proteins

Back 67

-allowing movement of molecules that otherwise would be excluded by the lipid components of the membrane
-transferring signals from outside the cell to inside the cell
-facilitating the movement of water across membrane
-facilitating transport of macromolecules across membrane

Front 68

the 5' -carbon of deoxyribose is attached to

Back 68

-phosphate group

Front 69

biological membranes are composed of

Back 69

-lipids
-proteins
-carbohydrates

Front 70

denatured protein

Back 70

-protein that has become nonfunctional due to its loss of its 3-dimensional structure

Front 71

allosteric inhibitor

Back 71

-changes shape of an enzyme

Front 72

the enzyme sucrase increases the rate at which sucrose is broken down into glucose and fructose. Sucrose works by

Back 72

-lowering activation energy of the reaction

Front 73

involve the uptake of material into the cell

Back 73

-pinocytosis
-endocytosis
-receptor-mediated endocytosis
-phagocytosis

Front 74

a nucleotide in DNA is made up of

Back 74

-sugar plus a phosphate

Front 75

when placed in hypertonic solutions, animal cells

Back 75

-shrink

Front 76

rate at which substance diffuses is affected by

Back 76

-diameter of molecules or ions
-temperature of solution
-concentration gradient in system

Front 77

lysosomes are important in eukaryotic cells because they contain

Back 77

-digestive enzymes

Front 78

rough ER is the portion of the ER that

Back 78

-has ribosomes attached to it

Front 79

amino acids can be classified by

Back 79

-characteristics of side chains

Front 80

when a severely dehydrated patient is brought to the hospital, and IV of normal saline is started immediately, distilled water is not used because

Back 80

-it would cause the patient's blood cells to swell and eventually burst

Front 81

paracrine signals

Back 81

-signals that bind to receptors on nearby cells

Front 82

signal ligands can be divided into 2 general classes according to their receptors. which of the following are 2 kinds of receptors ?

Back 82

-plasma membrane and cytoplasmic

Front 83

if G protein were unable to release its bound nucleotide but could hydrolyze it, signal transduction would

Back 83

-stop

Front 84

if all the lysosomes within cell suddenly ruptured, what would be the most likely result?

Back 84

-macromolecules in the cytosol would break down

Front 85

function of NAD+

Back 85

-carry hydrogen atoms and free energy from compounds being oxidized, and to give hydrogen atoms and free energy to compounds being reduced

Front 86

when a molecule loses hydrogen atoms, it becomes

Back 86

-oxidized

Front 87

transmembrane protein

Back 87

-protein that forms an ion channel through a membrane

Front 88

ribosomes are found in

Back 88

-prokayotic cells
-rough ER
-chloroplasts
-mitochondria

Front 89

cell signaling causes

Back 89

-change in receptor conformation

Front 90

signals that bind to receptors of the same cell that made them are known as

Back 90

-autocrine signals

Front 91

triploid plants

Back 91

-3 times the chance of surviving that a monoploid has

Front 92

during glycolysis, for each mole of glucose oxidized to pyruvate

Back 92

-2 mol of ATP are produced

Front 93

a typical eukaryotic cell cycle consist of

Back 93

interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

Front 94

during the fermentation of one molecule of glucose, the net production of ATP is

Back 94

-2 molecules

Front 95

in an organism with a diploid number of 8

Back 95

-a gamete has 4 chromosomes
-a liver cell has 8 chromosomes
-sperm cell at meiotic anaphase I has 8 chromosomes

Front 96

during the first step of the citric acid cycle, energy stored in acetyl CoA is used to

Back 96

-drive the reaction oxaloacetate -> citric acid

Front 97

sexual reproduction increases variability through

Back 97

-crossing over,independent assortment, and random fertilization

Front 98

down syndrome is diagnosed by means of an examination of individual's

Back 98

-karyotype

Front 99

the component of aerobic respiration that produces most ATP per mole of glucose is

Back 99

-electron transport chain

Front 100

molecules that make up chromosome are

Back 100

DNA and proteins

Front 101

paracrine signals

Back 101

-signals that bind to receptors on nearby cells

Front 102

electron transport chain contains 4 large protein complexes. these proteins are

Back 102

-embedded in inner membrane of mitochondrion

Front 103

in complete oxidation of glucose, 6 CO2 molecules are formed per glucose oxidized. the numbers of CO2 molecules released by glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and pyruvate oxidation.

Back 103

-0 glycolysis
-4 citric acid cycle
-2 pyruvate oxidation

Front 104

nondisjunctions

Back 104

-accidents during meiosis that can result in trisomies and monosomies

Front 105

receptors

Back 105

-specific to signal ligands

Front 106

a drug destroys the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. what would be the effect of incubating isolated mitochondria in a solution of that medicine?

Back 106

-no ATP would be made during transport of electrons down the respiratory chain

Front 107

members of a homologous pair of chromosomes

Back 107

-identical in size and appearance

Front 108

receptor

Back 108

-next component of signal transduction pathway, after signal itself

Front 109

asexual reproduction produces identical individuals because

Back 109

-no meiosis or fertilization takes place

Front 110

haploid cell

Back 110

-containing only one copy of each chromosome

Front 111

phases of cell cycle part of interphase

Back 111

-G1, S, G2

Front 112

yeast cells tend to create anaerobic conditions and therefore

Back 112

-produce ethanol

Front 113

suppose that you add cyanide to suspension of muscle cells from a rat. what effects on glucose catabolism

Back 113

-citric acid cycle and glycolysis would be stimulated

Front 114

glycolysis

Back 114

-in all cells
-starts glucose metabolism

Front 115

electron transport chain

Back 115

-electrons are received from NADH and FADH2
-terminal electrons acceptor is usually oxygen
-most enzymes are part of inner mitochondrial membrane
-electrons are passed from donor to recipient carrier molecules in series

Front 116

in plant cells, cytokinesis is accomplished by formation of

Back 116

-cell plate

Front 117

acetylcholine

Back 117

-binds strongly to acetylcholine receptor

Front 118

compared with fermentation the aerobic pathways of glucose metabolism produce

Back 118

-more ATP

Front 119

fermentation

Back 119

-does not require O2

Front 120

pyruvate

Back 120

-end product of glycolysis
-becomes reduced during fermentation
-contains 3 atoms
-is percursor of acetyl CoA

Front 121

binary fission

Back 121

-bacterial cell gives rise to two genetically identical daughter cell

Front 122

human muscle cells, fermentation process produces

Back 122

-lactic acid

Front 123

krebs cycle

Back 123

-pathway that occurs in mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotes

Front 124

oxidation

Back 124

-loss of electron by ferrous ion to yield ferric ion

Front 125

homolog

Back 125

-one pair of chromosome with same genetic composition and sequence

Front 126

passing of electrons through series of protein molecules is called

Back 126

-electron transport chain

Front 127

glycogenesis

Back 127

-formation of glucose from glycolytic and citric acid intermediates

Front 128

meiosis

Back 128

-process that ensures that only one of each pair of chromosomes is included in a gamete

Front 129

karyotype

Back 129

-number, form, and type of chromosome found in cell

Front 130

during alcoholic fermentation, NAD+ is regenerated by reduction of acetaldehyde to

Back 130

-ethanol alcohol

Front 131

in general, the division of cell, that follows immediately after mitosis

Back 131

-cytokinesis

Front 132

replication of DNA

Back 132

-S phase

Front 133

cytokinesis

Back 133

-m phase

Front 134

occurs right before prophase

Back 134

-G2

Front 135

segregation of DNA

Back 135

-M phase

Front 136

includes G1 and G2

Back 136

-interphase

Front 137

transcription is the process by which

Back 137

-RNA molecule is synthesized from DNA template

Front 138

required for transcription

Back 138

-DNA template
-RNA polymerase
-nucleoside triphosphates

Front 139

strand of DNA with sequence 5'-ATTCCG-3' would have complimentary strand with sequence

Back 139

-3'-CGGAAT-5'

Front 140

DNA polymerase lengthens polynucleotide strand by

Back 140

-covalently linking new nucleotides to previously existing strand

Front 141

rules formulated by Erwin Chargaff

Back 141

-A=T and G=C in any molecule of DNA

Front 142

point mutation

Back 142

-type of mutation that consists of the insertion or deletion of single base in coding region of proteins

Front 143

correct order in excision repair of DNA

Back 143

-damaged bases are recognized
-part of single strand is excised
-DNA polymerase 1 adds correct bases by 5' to 3' replication
-DNA ligase seals new strand to existing DNA

Front 144

role of DNA ligase in DNA replication is to

Back 144

-bond Okazaki fragments to one another

Front 145

a template of DNA strand has base sequence : 3'-GTC...CCA-5', what would be the sequence of the corresponding mRNA?

Back 145

-5'-CAG...GGU-3'

Front 146

single base changes in coding regions of proteins can cause what type of mutation?

Back 146

-missense
-nonsense
-frame-shift
-silent

Front 147

constitutive gene

Back 147

-expressed in most cell types at fairly constant level
-ie. actin

Front 148

UGU and UGC both code for cysteine. A change from UGU to UGC would thus be

Back 148

-silent mutation

Front 149

act in opposite ways

Back 149

-repressor and activator

Front 150

first repair of mistakes during DNA replication is made by

Back 150

-DNA polymerase

Front 151

a virus-encoded protein called TAT is

Back 151

-protein used by HIV to evade host cell defenses

Front 152

enzyme DNA ligase is required continuously during DNA replication because

Back 152

-fragments of lagging strand must be joined together

Front 153

stands that make up DNA are antiparallel

Back 153

-the 5' to 3' direction of one strand is counter to 5' to 3' direction of other strand

Front 154

flow of genetic information

Back 154

-DNA encodes information that is translated in RNA, and RNA encodes information that is translated into proteins

Front 155

potential points of regulation of gene expression

Back 155

-level of transcription
-level of processing mRNA
-level of mRNA stability
-level of translation

Front 156

mutations

Back 156

-changes of nucleotide sequence of DNA that is passed on from one organism to another

Front 157

during replication the new DNA strand is synthesized

Back 157

-in both the 3' to 5' and 5' to 3' direction from replication fork

Front 158

RNA polymerase is a

Back 158

-protein

Front 159

semiconservative replication of DNA involves

Back 159

-each original strand acting as template for new strand

Front 160

translation

Back 160

-process by which information in nucleic acid sequence is used to direct production of specific chain of amino acids

Front 161

order of charged tRNA molecule move between 3 sites on ribosome

Back 161

-A,P,E

Front 162

3 codon in genetic code that specify amino acids are called

Back 162

-missense
-start
-promoters
-initiator

Front 163

mRNA

Back 163

-molecules involve in transfer of genetic information from nucleus to cytoplasm

Front 164

tRNA

Back 164

-any particular tRNA binds to one and only one amino acid
-bind physically to mRNA
-interacts with ribosomes

Front 165

termination of transcription involves

Back 165

-terminator sequence

Front 166

anticodon 3'-AUC-5' would pair with codon

Back 166

-5'-UAG-3'

Front 167

involved in elongation step of translation

Back 167

-peptide transferase
-charged tRNA
-ribosomes
-amino acid site

Front 168

which molecule transfers information from mRNA to protein?

Back 168

-tRNA

Front 169

when a eukaryotic polypeptide is being produced, the first amino acid is always

Back 169

-AUG

Front 170

telomeres

Back 170

-repetitive sequence at end of many chomosomes

Front 171

elongation

Back 171

-process within transcription that occurs after initiation

Front 172

pre-mRNA is modified into mature mRNA by addition of what at the 5' end and what at the 3' end

Back 172

-G cap
-A tail

Front 173

modification also includes RNA splicing. what is removed

Back 173

-introns