Biol 225 Test 2

Front 1

The skeletal system is composed of what?

Back 1

1. Bones
2. Cartilage
3. Ligaments

Front 2

Connective Tissue with matrix hardened by Ca, P, and other minerals is what?

Back 2

Bones

Front 3

____________ forms most embryonic bones, covers many joint surfaces in mature skelton

Back 3

Cartilage

Front 4

____________ holds bones together at joints.

Back 4

ligaments

Front 5

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

Back 5

1. Support
2. Protection
3. Movement
4. Electrolyte balance
5. Acid-base balance
6. Blood formation

Front 6

body framework, supports soft tissues and provide sites for skeletal MUSCLE ATTACHMENT

Back 6

Support- function of the skeletal system

Front 7

Bones enclose/protect brain, spinal cord, heart, lugs, pelvic viscera, bone marrow

Back 7

Protection- a function of the skeletal system

Front 8

Provide levers for muscles to pull on

Back 8

Movement- a function of the skeletal system

Front 9

Stores and releases Ca and P according to the body's needs

Back 9

Electrolyte balance a function of the skeletal sytem

Front 10

Absorbs or releases alkaline salts to buffer blood against excessive pH changes and is a natural homeostasis

Back 10

Acid-Base balance- a function of the skeletal system

Front 11

hematopoiesis-occurs within red bone marrow

Back 11

Blood formation- a function of the skeletal system

Front 12

What does hematopoiesis mean?

Back 12

blood formation

Front 13

__________ is connective tissue with a matrix hardened by minerals including calcium phosphate.

Back 13

Osseous Tissue

Front 14

___________ tissue has individual bones that consist of bone tissue, marrow, blood, cartilage, periosteum, fat, and nerves

Back 14

Osseous Tissue

Front 15

Outer tissue around the bone

Back 15

Periosteum

Front 16

_________ tissue continually remodels itself.

Back 16

Osseous Tissue

Front 17

What are the 2 textures of Osseous tissue?

Back 17

1. Spongy
2. Compact bone

Front 18

What is another name for spongy bone?

Back 18

cancellous bone

Front 19

What is the shaft of a long bone called?

Back 19

diaphysis

Front 20

What is the hollow cylinder or shaft of compact bone

Back 20

diaphysis

Front 21

The medullary cavity in the bones of adults is filled with what kind of bone marrow?

Back 21

yellow bone marrow

Front 22

The medullary cavity in the bones of infants is filled with what kind of bone marrow?

Back 22

red bone marrow

Front 23

This lines the medullary cavity and is under the periosteum.

Back 23

Endosteum

Front 24

Long bone is lined on the outside with what?

Back 24

Periosteum

Front 25

The knobby ends of long bone are called what?

Back 25

Proximal epiphysis

Front 26

Joint surface of a long bone is covered with what?

Back 26

articular cartilage

Front 27

become osteocytes

Back 27

osteoblasts

Front 28

osteoclasts do what?

Back 28

destroy

Front 29

nerve fibers, blood, and lymphatic vessles enter the bone through what?

Back 29

nutrient foramina

Front 30

Collagen fibers penetrating into bone matrix to secure periosteum to the bone

Back 30

Perforating (Sharpey's) fibers

Front 31

______ bone is filled with red bone marrow and covered by compact bone

Back 31

spongy bone

Front 32

_________ separates diaphysis from epiphysis

Back 32

epiphyseal line

Front 33

Cartilage which in youth, made of hyaline provides longitudinal bone growth; in adults it ossifies, and is seen as an indistinct line

Back 33

Epiphyseal plate

Front 34

Thin plates of periosteum-covered compact bone on the outside with endosteum-covered sponge bone sandwiched inbetween

Back 34

flat bone

Front 35

internal layer of spongy bone, only a few cells thick

Back 35

diploe

Front 36

nutrients and oxygen diffuse into bone cells from blood vessels in endosteum in which type of bone?

Back 36

flat bone

Front 37

A hit to the __________ part of bone can hurt for up to a year

Back 37

periosteum

Front 38

small holes under periosteum

Back 38

nutrient formina

Front 39

lines the bone and keeps the periosteum to the bone

Back 39

Perforating (Sharpey's) fibers

Front 40

Make sure you are studying the pictures of the bone

Back 40

really do it

Front 41

network of spongy bone in the flat bone

Back 41

trabeculae

Front 42

irregular line on the junction of 2 bones is calle?

Back 42

suture

Front 43

stem cells that develop from fibrobasts, then give rise to osteoblasts and eventually osteocytes.

Back 43

osteogenic cells

Front 44

osteogenic cells can be found where?

Back 44

endosteum, periosteum, or central canals

Front 45

"bone formers" synthesize organic matrix, which then hardens by mineral deposition.

Back 45

osteoblasts

Front 46

former osteoblasts trapped in the matrix they formed

Back 46

osteocytes

Front 47

osteocytes can be found where?

Back 47

in lacunae

Front 48

lacunae are interconnected by tiny channels called?

Back 48

canaliculi

Front 49

velcro

Back 49

gap junctions

Front 50

very large, bone dissolving cells found on bone surface. Give rise to monocytes and some other WBC

Back 50

osteocytes

Front 51

The bone matrix is made out of _____ organic and ____ inorganic matter

Back 51

1. 1/3
2. 2/3

Front 52

Provides flexibility in bone matrix and without it bone is brittle and would shatter easy. made out of collagen plus various protein-carbohydrate complexes (GAGS, proteogylcans and glycoproteins)

Back 52

Organic matter

Front 53

Enables bone to support weight of body without sagging in the bone matrix. Without it, bone becomes rubbery

Back 53

inorganic matter

Front 54

Inorganic matter is made out of 85%__________, 10% _________, and 5% __________.

Back 54

1. hydroxyapatite
2. Calcium Carbonate
3. Other minerals

Front 55

Basic structural unit of compact bone. Weight-bearing columns of matrix formed into concentric layers of lamellae around a central canal containing blood vessels and nerves

Back 55

osteons

Front 56

within lacunae are connected to each other and their blood supply by tiny cell processes within canaliculi

Back 56

osteocytes

Front 57

vascular canals perpendicularly joining central canals

Back 57

Perforating (Volkmann) canals

Front 58

Remnants of old, remodeled osteons in compact bone

Back 58

interstitial lamellae

Front 59

extend around entire circumference of shaft at inner and outer boundaries to resist bone twisting in compact bone

Back 59

circunferential lamellae

Front 60

spongeline appearance in spongy bone is formed by plates of bone called __________ and spaces filled with __________.

Back 60

1. trabeculae
2. red bone marrow

Front 61

How do osteocytes receive nutrients?

Back 61

via diffusion through canaliculi

Front 62

What are the two kinds of bone marrow?

Back 62

1. red marrow
2. yellow marrow

Front 63

_________ contains reticular fibers, immature blood cells, and a few adipocytes.

In children, it resides in the marrow cavity of almost every bone and is hemopoietic

Back 63

red marrow

Front 64

________ is found in long bones in adults. It is not hemopoietic

Back 64

yellow marrow

Front 65

Means to produce blood cells

Back 65

hemopoietic

Front 66

bone formation

Back 66

osteogenesis or ossification

Front 67

_____ weeks after conception, skeleton is made of fibrous CT membrane and hyaline cartilage models

Back 67

6

Front 68

6 weeks after conception, skeleton is made of ________ and ________

Back 68

1. fibrous CT membranes
2. hyaline cartilage models

Front 69

Name the 2 ways bone is constructed

Back 69

1. Intramembranous
2. endochondrial or Intracartilagenous