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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Toxicology
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study of harmful substances
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Toxin
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something naturally occurring
(know one example of toxin and effect) |
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Toxicant
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man-made
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Toxicokinetics
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movement of toxic substances in the body
ADME 1) Absorption: inhalation, eating (G.I), dermal, eyes, nose, anus, tongue 2) Distribution: blood stream 3) Metabolized: break down—forming, alteration of compound, (liver) P450 enzymes 4) Excretion: feces, urine, sweat, vomit, exhalation, sneezing |
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Toxicodynamics
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effect of toxic substance
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Bioactivation
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final product or intermediate product (related to metabolism) is more toxic than the parent compound
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Biotransformation
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lipophilic (fat-loving, easily absorbed in the body)
hydrophilic (easily secreted by the body) process of enabling a compound to be excreted from the body; P450-Phase I and II-enzymes highest concentration in liver (takes place in the liver, enzymes are responsible, two phases) |
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Xenobiotic
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foreign compound to the body (all pharmaceuticals, etc., anything that isn't naturally occurring in the body)
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Epidemiology
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study of death in population and causes (study of toxic exposure in a population)
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Acute v. Chronic toxicity
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acute-less than 24 hours
chronic-greater than 24 hours |
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Local v. Systemic
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local-stays in the area you were exposed (area of exposure); not circulate the body
systemic-distributed throughout the body--multiple sites of damage |
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Immediate v. Delayed
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immediate-within seconds to minutes, recovery is allowed
delayed-years down the road, cancer, serious illness, and death |
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Determination of doses to be tested
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milligrams per kilogram, weight
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Animal Models
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In vivo- the whole body, so the whole animal, (pro-representative of what will happen in real life, see effects on the whole system; con- animal could die)
In vitro- testing it in isolated systems, “test tube”, outside the body (pro-can see what the effects are on the liver; con-will that be replicated in the whole animal? May not be the case) In silico- testing the effects using a computer program (modeling the effects) (pro-no using animals and harming them in any way, fast, fairly cheap; con-may or may not be representative for what happens in real life) |
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Variables affecting toxicity
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toxicant itself usually well defined and concentration of toxicant
time of day nutrition diet age state of health environment |
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Risk Assessment
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1970's FDA and EPA regulation, CDC
10 pounds per million or 100ppm, |
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Routes of exposure
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three primary routes are respiratory, skin (dermal) and GI
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Storage of toxicants in the body
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bone, fat
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Biotransformation/target organ toxicity
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things that can affect metabolism
-age -gender -circadian cycle -nutrition -diseases -hepatoxicity=liver -nephrotoxicity=kidney -neurotoxicity=brain -dermatoxicity=skin -pulmonotoxicity=respiratory track |
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Elimination of toxicants
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hair, nails, saliva
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Major classes/examples of toxicants
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1) pesticides (DDT)
2) cyanide 3) benzene |
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More sensitive to toxic effects
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Brain--> circulatory system, visceral muscle, bone, fat
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Biomagnification
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toxins bottom of the food chain work their way up
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