Biol 101 Test 1

Front 1

Hydrogen Atom

Back 1

Part of wather molecule, H+ ions influence pH

Front 2

Carbon Atom

Back 2

Backbone of organic materials

Front 3

Sulfer Atom

Back 3

Important in protein structure

Front 4

Oxygen Atom

Back 4

Part of water molecule. Required for cellular respiration to make ATP. Makes up 20% of air.

Front 5

Nitrogen Atom

Back 5

Backbone of amino acids. Exists in atmosphere as N2 gas- 79% of air. We cannot use N2 gas because we can't break the triple bond, so bacteria is needed to put it into usable form.

Front 6

Phosphorous Atom

Back 6

Bone component. Phosphate = Phosphorous + Oxygen.

Front 7

Isotopes

Back 7

Atoms with a variable number of neutrons. Used for dating fossils (Carbon -- radiometric dating) and diagnosing disease.

Front 8

Ions

Back 8

Atoms that carry a charge due to + or - electrons.

Front 9

pH scale

Back 9

Logarithmic scale to determine acidity of something. Influenced by H+ ions: More H+ ions= more acidic, lower pH.

Front 10

Water

Back 10

Universal solvent; medium for chemical reactions. Only liquid that's less dense as a solid = ice floats.
-Hydrogen bonds: cohesive properties, holds heat

-Also uses covalent and ionic bonds

Front 11

Monosaccharides

Back 11

Carbohydrate (glucose) taken up by mitochondria to make ATP

Front 12

Disaccharide

Back 12

2 monosaccharides; ex. sucrose (table sugar)

Front 13

Polysaccharide

Back 13

Many monosaccharides.

Starch, cellulose, glycogen.

Front 14

Starch

Back 14

Polysaccharide stored in plants (potatoes, corn)

Front 15

Cellulose

Back 15

Polysaccharide found in plant cell walls for structure. Not found in humans; we cannot digest it, but it provides good fiber in our diet.

Front 16

Glycogen

Back 16

Polysaccharide used for storage in animals, mainly in liver and skeletal muscle.

Front 17

Lipids (fat)

Back 17

Macromolecule used for long-term energy and insullation. They have more energy that carbs because they don't have any water.

Front 18

Triglyceride

Back 18

3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol: common in oils and butter.

Front 19

Phospholipids

Back 19

Lipids found in cell membranes along with cholesterol to stabalize membranes. Not soluable in water.

Front 20

Steriods

Back 20

Hormones:
Male - testosterone (in testes)
Female - estrogen and progesterone (in ovaries)

Front 21

Protein

Back 21

Most diverse macromolecule. Different types include enzymes (catalyze chem. reactions), antibodies (immune system), and contractile proteins (muscles).

Front 22

Amino Acids

Back 22

Make up proteins; 20 different kinds. Nitrogen = backbone.

Front 23

Polypeptide

Back 23

Another name for a protein

Front 24

Quaternary structure

Back 24

The final form of a protein during synthesis

Front 25

Nucleic Acids

Back 25

Least abundant macromolecule in living things, but very important. Different kinds include DNA, RNA, and ATP.

Front 26

DNA

Back 26

Double-stranded nucleic acid found in nucleus. Genetic blueprint of life.

Front 27

RNA

Back 27

Single-stranded nucleic acid which leaves nucleus.
-messenger
-ribosomal
-transfer

Front 28

mRNA

Back 28

Direct copy of DNA

Front 29

rRNA

Back 29

Makes ribosomes

Front 30

tRNA

Back 30

Brings right amino acid into place during protein synthesis

Front 31

ATP

Back 31

Energy currency of all cells; the reason we eat is to make this.

Front 32

Phospholipid bilayer

Back 32

What a cell membrane is made of. Enables a "fluid layer membrane."

Front 33

Membrane proteins

Back 33

Allow larger molecules to travel into and out of the cell, provide structural support, recognition, communication and glycocalyx.

Front 34

Actin

Back 34

Contractile membrane protein which attaches to cytoskeleton, allowing the cell to move or moves things within the cell.

Front 35

Cytoplasm

Back 35

Blood of the cell

Front 36

Prokaryotes

Back 36

Tiny cells with no organelles; bacteria and archaea

Front 37

Eukaryotes

Back 37

Protists, plants, animals, fungi

Front 38

Pseudopods

Back 38

Extensions of the plasma membrane ("false feet") which begin phagocytosis by surrounding large molecules and fusing their ends together, forming vesicles around the molecule

Front 39

Endocytosis

Back 39

"Bringing into the cell" in the form of pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and phagocytosis.

Front 40

Phagocytosis

Back 40

"Cell eating" Form of endocytosis that takes bacteria into the cell.

Front 41

Pinocytosis

Back 41

"Cell drinking" Form of endocytosis that takes liquid into the cell.

Front 42

Exocytosis

Back 42

Removing materials from a cell, such as waste or neurotransmitter (in order to move muscles)

Front 43

Microvilli

Back 43

Extensions of cell membranes to provide for more surface area, which do not move. Common in animal liver and small intestine cells.

Front 44

Cilia

Back 44

Extensions of the cell that move external to it. Found in throat to move mucus out (but can be paralyzed by niccotine), in the uteran or follopian tubes to move egg to uterus, and in the brain to circulate cereberial spinal fluid

Front 45

Flagella

Back 45

Organelle that propels a cell. In humans, only found in sperm cells.

Front 46

Vesicles

Back 46

Membrane bound sacks.

Front 47

Nucleus

Back 47

Brain of the cell

Front 48

Nucleic pores

Back 48

Allows RNA to leave nucleus

Front 49

Nucleolus

Back 49

Specific for making rRNA and ribosomes

Front 50

Ribosomes

Back 50

Involved in protein synthesis

Front 51

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 51

Involved in protein synthesis; modifies protein by twisting it and adding iron.

Front 52

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 52

Involved in lipid synthesis (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone) and stores calcium. Detoxifies certain substances = a lot in the liver.

Front 53

Golgi apparatus

Back 53

Packages and transports proteins. Binds completed protein with vesicle to send it within or out of the cell.

Front 54

Secretory vesicle

Back 54

Vesicle near membrane to expel waste.

Front 55

Lysosome

Back 55

Digests materials

Front 56

Vacuoles

Back 56

Storage. Plants store water in central water vacuole.

Front 57

Peroxisomes

Back 57

Deal with free radicals.

Front 58

Free radicals

Back 58

Unpaired electrons which are made naturally, and make us age, sick, etc.

Front 59

Mitochondria

Back 59

Takes in oxygen and glycose to make ATP and CO2. Have their own DNA and ribosomes separate from nucleus = Can produce on their own; have inner as well as outer membrane.

Front 60

Cytomusculoskeleton

Back 60

Organelle for structure and movement of cell.

Front 61

Centrioles

Back 61

Organelle involved in building cilia and animal cell division.

Front 62

Chloroplasts

Back 62

Organelle that contains cholorphyll; only in plants, performs photosynthesis.

Front 63

Cell Wall

Back 63

Only in plants and prokaryotes. Outside of cell membrane; made of cellulose.

Front 64

Enzymes

Back 64

Proteins found in membrane, mitochondria and lysosomes. Not used up in chemical reactions. 'Substrates' control state of breakdown.

Front 65

Concepts of energy flow

Back 65

-Energy does not cycle
-All energy comes from the sun: 99% used to heat planet; 1-2% captured by photosynthetic organisms

Front 66

Kinetic energy

Back 66

Active, mechanical energy

Front 67

Potential energy

Back 67

Waiting to be used; in chemical bonds

Front 68

1st Law of Thermodynamics

Back 68

Conservation of energy:
Energy neither made nor destroyed; flows from sun to plants; changes form from potential-kinetic.

Front 69

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

Back 69

-Energy is needed to maintain structure=no energy transfer is 100% effective
-Every transformation increases entropy

Front 70

Entropy

Back 70

A measure of disorder; always increasing in the universe

Front 71

Uses of ATP

Back 71

-Reproduction
-Blood flow
-Pump calcium from low conc. to high
-Start photosynthesis, break down glucose
-Building cell parts
-Maintaining structure

Front 72

Cellular respiration

Back 72

-Harvests energy from food by transferring energy to ATP use in cell; organized by enzymes that control sequence reactions
-H+ ions concentrated on one side of membrane, slowly come through ATPase and make ATP

Front 73

Glycolysis

Back 73

First part of cellular respiration (anaerobic process). Happens in cytoplasm
--> 2 pyruvic acid & 2 ATP

Front 74

Krebs Cycle

Back 74

Second part of cellular respiration (anaerobic process). Happens in mitochondria. Acetal CoA delivers acetic acid compound to Krebs Cycle.
--> CO2, NADH, 2 ATP

Front 75

NADH

Back 75

coenzyme that holds energy

Front 76

Electron Transport Chain

Back 76

Last step of cellular respiration (aerobic process). Happens in mitochondrial membrane.
NADH, FADH2 and O2 in; 36-38 ATP out.
->Chemiosmatic theory

Front 77

Cyanide poison to cellular respiration

Back 77

Stops protein from allowing hydrogen and oxygen to bind and make H2O

Front 78

Fermentation

Back 78

anaerobic respiration in which 2 ATP are made.

Front 79

Products of fermentation (Humans and yeast)

Back 79

Humans: Lactic acid
Yeast: Ehynol <- (toxic to us)

Front 80

2 Areas of Chloroplasts

Back 80

Tylakoids: light reactions
Stroma: dark reactions

Front 81

3 different types of light

Back 81

Transmitted, Absorbed, Reflected

Front 82

Transmitted light

Back 82

Goes all the way through an object or organism

Front 83

Absorbed light

Back 83

Used to make sugar

Front 84

Reflected light

Back 84

What you see (color)

Front 85

Guard cells

Back 85

Create stroma (pore in leaves) able to open and close =
-H2O goes in/out through stroma
-CO2 goes in/ O2 goes out

Front 86

Transpiration

Back 86

Water leaking out of stomata and is up to the top of the plant (capilary action)

Front 87

Photosystems
(and their 3 components)

Back 87

Light-harvesting units of thylakoid membrane which contains 100's of antenna molecules, a reaction center with a chlorophyll a molecule, and a primary electron acceptor.

Front 88

Light Reactions

Back 88

Converts light to sugar using NADPH.
Splitting water molecule makes oxygen --> can only be done by chloroplasts and lighting
Hydrogen builds up on one side of membrane, similar to respiration.

Front 89

Dark Reactions

Back 89

Carbon fixation makes carbohydrates, sugar=G3P.
CO2, ATP, NADPH in; Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, ADP, NADP out.

Front 90

The Two Photosystems

Back 90

Absorb at different wavelengths, 1 produces NADPH, 1 splits water molecules

Front 91

Summary of light reactions products

Back 91

ATP, NADPH, O2

Front 92

Carbon fixation

Back 92

Adding hydrogens to carbon dioxide and forming carbohydrates.

Front 93

Heterotrophs

Back 93

Organisms that get energy from other sources (food) -- humans.

Front 94

Autotrophs

Back 94

Organisms that make their own food -- Plants

Front 95

Kingdoms

Back 95

Monera, Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protista

Front 96

% spontaneous abortions

Back 96

25

Front 97

Main cause of spontaneous abortions

Back 97

Chromosome abnormality

Front 98

Meiosis

Back 98

Sex cell reproduction

Front 99

Mitosis

Back 99

Regular body cell reproduction

Front 100

Genome

Back 100

The collection of all genes in an organism; haploid set

Front 101

Genetic material- smallest to largest

Back 101

Nucleotides (ATCG) - DNA molecule - chromosome - genome

Front 102

Sythesis

Back 102

Making cytoplasm, organelles, etc.

Front 103

Where does mitosis happen?

Back 103

In all stomatic cells except gametes.
Fastest cells: Red blood cells (2.5 mil./sec)
Second fastest: GI tract

Front 104

2 areas where you're born with all the cells you get

Back 104

Nerves and muscles.

Front 105

Cytokinesis

Back 105

Separation of cytoplasm

Front 106

Purpose of mitosis

Back 106

To get big; replace dying/damaged cells

Front 107

Plant cell division (cell wall)

Back 107

Vesicles form cell plate, which eventually forms cell wall

Front 108

Binary fission (prokaryotes)

Back 108

Asexual- clones. Membrane does all the work.
~30 min. regeneration time.
Evolutions through mutations

Front 109

Asexual reproduction

Back 109

No mate needed; really fast; clones of mother (ex. aphids)

Front 110

Gametes

Back 110

Eggs & sperm (humans)
Pollen grain (plants)

Front 111

Chromatids

Back 111

copy of chromosomes. In humans - 92.

Front 112

Reduction division

Back 112

Used to get haploid cell= 1/2 chromosomes (sperm and egg cells)

Front 113

Fertilization v. pollination

Back 113

Fertilization: only can happen with 2 gametes of the same species
Pollination: can happen with 2 gametes of different species= often offspring are sterile & have hybrid vigor

Front 114

Hybrid vigor

Back 114

Mutts are often stronger and less likely to get sick than pure-breds.

Front 115

Gonads

Back 115

Testes and ovaries; where gametes are made.

Front 116

Where does meiosis occur?

Back 116

Gonads.

Front 117

Spores

Back 117

What fungus, protists, and plants like moss and fungus make instead of gametes.

Front 118

Homologous chromosomes

Back 118

Chromosomes with the same function but different details. One from mom, one from dad. Line up during meiosis only.

Front 119

Where do we get offspring variation?

Back 119

Crossing over, Random alignment, Which sperm and egg come together.

Front 120

Crossing over

Back 120

Homologous chromosomes swap parts of themselves to create variety in offspring.

Front 121

Random alignment

Back 121

The way in which homologous chromosomes line up and mix creates 8.5 mil possible different variations.

Front 122

Spermatogenesis

Back 122

Making of sperm

Front 123

Oogenesis

Back 123

Making eggs

Front 124

Polar bodies

Back 124

Little packets of DNA made by female.

Front 125

Significance of meiosis

Back 125

To create variably fit offspring.

Front 126

Problems with meiosis

Back 126

When the genes in our cells that tell them when to stop dividing go bad, cancer is created and spreads.
Can be caused by viruses or irritation to tissue.

Front 127

Malignant tumors

Back 127

Tumors that spread (metastasis)

Front 128

Nondisjunction

Back 128

Having the wrong number of chromosomes in eggs and cells.

Front 129

Trisomy

Back 129

Having an extra chromosome in the egg.

Front 130

Monosomy

Back 130

Having one less chromosome in egg

Front 131

Turner syndrome

Back 131

Woman with XO chromosomes

Front 132

Klinefelter syndrome

Back 132

Male with XXY chromosomes