Bio 1101K Test 2

Front 1

Allele

Back 1

One of the alternative forms of a single gene. In pea plants a songle gene codes for seed color and it comes in two alleles one codes for yellow seeds, and the other codes green.

Front 2

Anticodon

Back 2

The end of the transfer RNA molecule that can bind with a particular codon on the mRNA transcript.

Front 3

Aneuploidy

Back 3

A condition in which an individual organism has either more of fewer chromosomes than is usually found in their species.

Front 4

Alternative splicing

Back 4

A process in genetics in which a single primary transcript can be edited in different ways to yield multiple messenger RNAs, which in turns yields multiple proteins.

Front 5

Co-dominance

Back 5

A condition is which two alleles of a given gene have different phenotypic effects, with both effects manifesting in organism that are heterozygous for the gene.

Front 6

Crossing over

Back 6

(genetic recombination) A process, occurring during meiosis, in which homologous chromosomes exchange reciprocal portions of themselves.

Front 7

Codon

Back 7

An mRNA triplet that codes for a single amino acid or a start or stop command in the translation stage of of protein synthesis.

Front 8

Carrier

Back 8

A person who does not suffer from a recessive genetic debilitation, but who carries an allele for the condition that can be passed along to offspring.

Front 9

Centrosomes

Back 9

A cellular structure that acts an an organizing center for the assembly of microtubules.

Front 10

Chromatid

Back 10

One of the two identical strand of chromatin (DNA plus associated protein) that make up a chromosome in it duplicated state.

Front 11

Autosomal dominate disorder

Back 11

A genetic disorder caused by a single faulty allele on an autosome.

Front 12

Chromosome

Back 12

Structural unit containing part of all of an organism's genome, consisting of DNA its associated proteins(chromatin).

Front 13

Cytokinesis

Back 13

The physical separation of one cell into two daughter cells

Front 14

Dihybrid cross

Back 14

An experimental croos in which the plats used differ in two of their characters. Breeding for 2 characteristics.

Front 15

Diploid

Back 15

Posses two sets of chromosomes . All human cells are diploid except human gametes (egg and sperm).

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Deletion

Back 16

A chromosomal condition in which a piece of a chromosome has been lost. Occurs when a chromosomal fragment that breaks off does not rejoin any chromosomes.

Front 17

Down syndrome

Back 17

A disorder in human in which affected individuals usually have three copies of chromosome 21 rather than the standard 2.

Front 18

DNA polymerase

Back 18

An enzyme that separates the strands of DNA into 2 parental strands and corrects errors.

Front 19

Autosome

Back 19

non sex chromosomes

Front 20

Genotype

Back 20

The genetic makeup of organism, including all the genes that lie along its chromosomes.

Front 21

Heterozygous

Back 21

Possessing two different alleles of a gene for a given character.

Front 22

Haploid

Back 22

Possessing a single set of chromosomes. Human gametes (eggs and sperm).

Front 23

Homologous chromosomes

Back 23

Chromosomes that are the same in function and size.Species that are diploid have matching pairs homologous chromosomes.

Front 24

Inversion

Back 24

A chromosomal abnormality that comes about when a chromosome fragment rejoins a chromosome with inverted orientation.

Front 25

Incomplete dominance

Back 25

Meaning a genetic condition in which the heterozygote phenotype is intermediate between either of the homologous phenotypes.

Front 26

Karyotype

Back 26

A pictorial arrangement of a full set of an organism's chromosomes.

Front 27

Law of independent assortment

Back 27

During gamete formation, gene pairs assort independently of one another.

Front 28

Law of segregation

Back 28

Differing character in organisms result from two genetic elements(alleles) that separate in gamete formation, so that each gamete gets only one of two alleles.

Front 29

Monohybrid cross

Back 29

An experimental cross in which organisms are tested for differences in one character.Breeding organism for a single difference.

Front 30

Homozygous

Back 30

Having two identical alleles of a gene for a given character.

Front 31

Gamete

Back 31

A haploid reproductive cell,either egg sperm.

Front 32

Genome

Back 32

A complete haploid set of an organisms genetic information.

Front 33

mRNA

Back 33

A type of rNA that encodes and carries to ribosomes, and contains information for the synthesis of proteins.

Front 34

Mutation

Back 34

A permanent alteration of a DNA base sequence.

Front 35

Multiple allelels

Back 35

Three or more alleles--- alternative forms of a gene---occurring in a population

Front 36

Mitotic spindle

Back 36

The microtubules active in cell division, including those that align a move chromosomes.

Front 37

Pedigree

Back 37

A family history of genetically transmissible conditions; generally taking the form of a diagram

Front 38

Necleotide

Back 38

The building blocks of nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA, consisting of a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base.

Front 39

Metaphase plate

Back 39

A plane located midway between the poles of a dividing cell.

Front 40

Oogonia

Back 40

Diploid cells that are the starting female cells in gamete(egg) production. Diploid oogonia develop into diploid primary oocytes, which create haploid secondary oocytes.

Front 41

First filial generation

Back 41

The offspring of the parental generation in an experimental cross.

Front 42

Primary oocyte

Back 42

A diploid cell cell produced in females that may mature into an egg, by creating a primary oocyte.

Front 43

Primary spermatocyte

Back 43

A diploid cell in a male that will undergo meiosis to produce haploid secondary spermatocytes which ultimately create mature sperm.

Front 44

Polyploidy

Back 44

A condition in which one or more entire sets of chromosomes has been added to the genome of a diploid organism.

Front 45

Phenotype

Back 45

A physiological feature, bodily characteristics, or behavior of an organism.

Front 46

Parental generation (P)

Back 46

The generation that begins a experimental cross between organisms.

Front 47

Polypeptide

Back 47

A series of amino acids linked together in a linear fashion.

Front 48

Polygenic Inheritance

Back 48

Inheritance of a genetic character that is determined the interaction of multiple genes, with each gene having a small additive effect on the character.

Front 49

Point mutation

Back 49

A mutation of a single base pair in a genome.

Front 50

Translocation

Back 50

The swapping of fragments by non-homologous chromosomes, resulting in gene sequences that are out of order on both chromosomes.

Front 51

Nondisjunction

Back 51

A failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to seperate.

Front 52

rRNA(ribosomal)

Back 52

A type of DNA that, along with proteins, form ribosomes.

Front 53

Spermatogonia

Back 53

Diploid cells that are the starting in sperm production. They are reproductive stems cells that, when dividing each of them produces one primary spermatocyte.

Front 54

tRNA

Back 54

In protein synthesis, a form of RNA that binds with amino acids, transfers the to ribosomes, and then binds with a mRNA .

Front 55

Recessive

Back 55

A gene that is not expressed in a heterozygous condition.

Front 56

Somatic cell

Back 56

Any cell that is not or will not become an egg or sperm.

Front 57

Transcription

Back 57

In protein synthesis, the process in which DNA's information is copied onto mRNA.

Front 58

Translation

Back 58

The process in which a polypeptide chain is produced within a ribosome based on the information encoded in the mRNA.

Front 59

RNA polymerase

Back 59

The transcription phase of protein synthesis, the enzyme the unwinds the DNA double helix and puts together a chain of RNA nucleotides complementary to the exposed DNA nucleotides.

Front 60

Sister Chromatids

Back 60

Make up a single chromosome.

Front 61

Dominant disorder

Back 61

A genetic disorder in which a single faulty allele can cause damage,even when a second functional allele is present.

Front 62

The stages of mitosis

Back 62

End of interphase: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis.

Front 63

The stages of meiosis

Back 63

Prophase 1, metephase 1, anaphase,telophase 1,

prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2,telophase 2

Front 64

How to make a Punnet square

Back 64

Drawing a square divided into 4s.Write 2 alleles on top on from the mother and two on the side from the father. Write the genotype in the corresponding box where mother and father gametes combine.

Front 65

Examples of autosomal dominant disorders

Back 65

Huntington disease, marfan syndrom, polydactyly.

Front 66

Example of autosomal recessive disorders

Back 66

Sickle-cell anemia, albinism, cystic fibrosis, tay-sachs disease, werner syndrome.

Front 67

Examples of sex linked genetic disorders

Back 67

Red-green color-blindness, hemophilia, duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Front 68

How sperm is formed

Back 68

Diploid spermatogonim produce a primary spermatocyte that goes through meiosis 1 yielding two haploid secondary spermatocytes.The secondary permatocytes go through meiosis 2, yielding 4 haploid spermatids.

Front 69

Polyploidy and Aneuploidy

Back 69

Polyploidy are organisms with more than two sets. Aneuploidy has more or fewer chromosomes than what normally exist in their species.

Front 70

The process of DNA Replication

Back 70

Enzymes called helicase unwinds the double helix, separating its two strands making it available for base pairing. DNA polymerases move along each strand, joining together nucleotides as they are added one by one to form the new complementary strands of DNA.

Front 71

How eggs are formed

Back 71

Ogonium develops into a primary oocyte that enters meiosis 1. Unequal division of cell material lead to the productio of one polar body and one secondary oocyte which enters meiosis 2. Only fertiized eggs will complete meiosis 2. one egg results,3 polar bodies that were produced by meiosis 1 and 2 will be discarded.

Front 72

Process of transcription

Back 72

RNA polymerase unwind a section of DNA and strings together a string of nucleotides that are complementary to the DNA bases.

Front 73

Process of translation

Back 73

MRNA bind to a ribosome's A codon site. A tRNA molecule with appropriate anticodon sequence binds to the A codon caring its appropriate amino acid.