Biochemistry: Vitamins

Front 1

_________" vitamins are absorbed without the involvement in fat

Back 1

Water Soluble vitamins

Front 2

Excess Intake are excreted in the _______

Back 2

Urine

Front 3

All water soluble vitamin functions as co-enzyme except _________ & __________ which must be metabolically converted to their active form.

Back 3

VItamin c & Biotin

Front 4

What Vitamin function in the release of energy from fuel molecule ?

Back 4

Vitamin B1 (THIAMINE)

Front 5

________ reacts with ATP to form TPP (thiamin pyrophosphate).

Back 5

Vitamin B1

Front 6

Vitamin B1 is converted to TPP by the enzyme called _________________.

Back 6

ThiaminePyrophosphoKinase1

(TPK1)

Front 7

_________ serve as an important co-factor for PDHC (pyruvate dehydrogenase complex)

Back 7

Vitamin B1

Front 8

_________ serve as an important cofactor for OGDH (ALPHA KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE).

Back 8

Vit B1

In TCA cycle

Front 9

__________ serves as important cofactor in BCKD (BRANCHED-CHAIN KETOACID DEHYDROGENASE)

Back 9

Vit B1

Front 10

PDHC

OGDH

BCKD

Are Also Require Cofactor From B2, B3, LIPOIC ACID AND PANTHOTHENIC ACID.

T/F

Back 10

True

Front 11

_________ are co-enzymes required in Transketolase & Transaldolase reaction.

Back 11

Vitamin B1

Front 12

Thiamine defficiency is associated with elevated level of ____________ & _____________

Back 12

Pyruvate & Lactate

Front 13

____________ is the richest source of Vitamin B1

Back 13

Brewer's yeast

OTHERS

•Unpolished rice.

•Whole grain (maize).

•Potatoes.

Front 14

Prolonge defficiency of vitamin B1 leads to __________

Back 14

Wet Beri-Beri

Front 15

Deficiency of vitamin B1 is common in people with ________, _________, ________&__________

Back 15

Anorexia

Diarrhoea

Alcholies

Post-operative patients

Front 16

Oedema is a deffieciancy of what Vitamin?

Back 16

Vitamin B1

Front 17

Oedema is a deffieciancy of what Vitamin?

Back 17

Vitamin B1

Front 18

_____ vitamins are carrier co-enzyme that exist as FAD & FMN absorbed from small intestine.

Back 18

Vitamin B2

Front 19

Vitamin B2 function in variety of ___________ reaction.

Back 19

Redox Reaction

Catalysed by

Oxidase: Fatty Acid synthesis

Reductases: TCA cycle

Dehydrogenases: Amino Acid synthesis

Front 20

___________ Vitamins are necessary for Aerobic Respiration & Tissue maintenance.

Back 20

Vitamin B2

Front 21

What is the other name for Vitamin B2

Back 21

RIBOFLAVIN

Front 22

The major Dietary source of Vitamin B2 is

Back 22

Milk

Others

•Liver

•Kidney

•Green leafy vegetable

Front 23

Desquamation is a deficiency symptoms of what vitamins

Back 23

Vitamin B2

Others

•Angular stomatis

•Cheilosis

•Inflammation of tongue

•Hyperbilirubinemia in newborn ( treated by phototherapy)

Front 24

______ vitamins are essential coenzyme in numerous CELLULAR REDOX REACTION.

Back 24

Vitamin B3 (niacin)

Front 25

The Amide derivative of vitamin B3 ( niacin) is _______________

Back 25

Nicotinamide

Front 26

Nicotinamide are the precursor of the co-enzyme ________&__________

Back 26

NAD+ & NADP+

Front 27

Excess B3 can cause _________

Back 27

Liver Damage

Front 28

Sufficient quantity of vitamin B3 can be synthsized Endogenously from ___________________.

Back 28

Tryptophan

Front 29

Dietary source of Vitamin B3 are

Back 29

Meat

Fish

Nuts

Front 30

Deficiency of ______________ is PELLAGRA.

Back 30

Vitamin B3

Front 31

The major symptoms of vitamin B3 are

Back 31

•Photosensitive Dermatitis skin

•Impaired Digestion

•Diarrhea

•Mental confusion

Front 32

______________ vitamins diffieciancy have not been observed.

Back 32

Vitamin B5 & vitamin H

Front 33

Other name for Vitamin B5 is _________

Back 33

Panthothenic Acid.

Front 34

Panthothenate is a precursor of co-enzyme A, that participates in ______________

Back 34

Acyl Transfer Reaction

Front 35

______________ is the carrier for Acetyl group obtained from degradation of carbohydrate & lipids.

Back 35

Co-enzyme A

Front 36

Coenzyme A also carries the Acetyl group and malonyl group used in F.A synthesis. T/f

Back 36

True

Front 37

Dietary source of vitamin B5 are

Back 37

•Beef liver

•Peanut

•Soya beans

•Wheat germ

Front 38

The biological active form of vitamin B6 is ___________&____________

Back 38

Pyridoxamine phosphate

Pyridoxal phosphate

Mostly involved in Amino Acid metabolism.

Front 39

____________ vitamins functions in Transamination & oxidation reaction.

Back 39

Vitamin B6

Front 40

Some women uses vitamin B6 as

Back 40

Menstrual pain killer

Front 41

Vit B6 are used in various transmitter such as _______, ________&_________.

Back 41

•Serotonin

•Dopamine

•Epinephrine

Front 42

Convulsions in infant and peripheral Neuropathy is caused by the diffieciency of _____________ vitamins.

Back 42

Vitamin B6.

Front 43

Inflammation of the mouth is caused by ___________ defficiency

Back 43

Vitamin B6

Front 44

Other name for Vitamin H is

Back 44

Biotin

Front 45

Dieatary source of Vitamin H

Back 45

Peanut and Liver

Front 46

__________ is a coenzyme for cellular carboxylation reaction

Back 46

Vitamin H (Biotin)

Front 47

Vitamin H is used in carboxylation of Acetyl CoA to Malonyl CoA in the preparation for Fatty Acid Synthesis. T/f

Back 47

True

Front 48

Vitamin H are synthesised by _____________.

Back 48

Intestinal flora.

Front 49

Raw eggs contain a protein called _________

Back 49

Avidin

Front 50

________ binds Biotin very tightly & prevent it's absorption.

Back 50

Avidin

Front 51

Vitamin B9 is also called ________

Back 51

Folic acid

Front 52

Deficiency Syptom of vitamin B9 is

Back 52

Megaloblastic Aneamia

Mycrocytic Aneamia

Growth failure

Front 53

Folic acid is also called __________which is converted to _____________

Back 53

Folicin

Tetrahydrofolate

Front 54

TetraHydrofolate is the primary carrier of ____________.

Back 54

One carbon unit in the cell.

Front 55

Position 7 & 8 carries hydrogen in ___________.

Back 55

Dihydrofolate (DHF)

Front 56

Position __ & __ carries hydrogen in THF.

Back 56

Position 5 & 8

(The monoglutamic acid esterified to PABA end of the molecule )

Front 57

The function of THF derivative is to __________________

Back 57

Carry and transfer various form of one carbon unit during biosynthetic reaction.

( The one carbon are either methyl, methylene, methenyl, formal/formine groups.)

Front 58

The dietary form of folate is available _____________

Back 58

5-methylTHF

Commonly found in yeast & leafy vegetable and animal liver.

Front 59

Folic acid is synthesizes by the ______________

Back 59

Intestinal bacteria

Front 60

Vitamin B12 is also called

Back 60

Cobalamin

Front 61

The active form of vitamin B12 is

Back 61

•Methylcobalamin

•Cyanocobalamin

Front 62

Deficiency of vitamin B12 is

Back 62

Perniciuos Anemia

Others

•Change in intestinal mucosa

•Neuropathy

Front 63

____________ are required in catabolism of F.A with odd number

Back 63

Vit B12

Front 64

____________ are needed in the conversion of PROPIONYL COA to SUCCINYL COA in TCA cycle

Back 64

Vitamin B12

Front 65

________ are needed in the conversion of Homocyteine to Methionine.

Back 65

Vit B12

Front 66

Vitamin c is also called

Back 66

Ascorbic Acid

Front 67

Active form of vitamin C is

Back 67

DihydroAscorbic Acid

Front 68

_____________ is known as Anti- scurvy Agent.

Back 68

Vitamin C

Front 69

Vitamin C participates in __________ reaction and promote intestinal absorption of iron.

Back 69

Hydroxylation reaction

Front 70

___________ participates in

•A.A metabolism

•Synthesis of Norepiphrune

•Synthesis of Collagen

Back 70

Vitamin C

Front 71

Many of the deficiency symptoms appear to be the result of the defective __________ in the absence of VIT C

Back 71

Collagen synthesis

Front 72

Drugs Known to increase urinary excretion of Ascorbate are:

Back 72

Aspirin

Barbiturates

Chronic Diarrhoea

Front 73

Fat soluble vitamins function participates in Diverse biochemical reaction such as:

Back 73

Vision, blood clothing e.t.c

Front 74

FAT soluble vitamins are transported and absorbed by ____________.

Back 74

Chylomicrons complex.

Front 75

Absorption of fat soluble Vitamins depends on _____________, ___________&_____________.

Back 75

•Bile salt

•Pancreatic secretions

•Healthy mucosa cells

Front 76

Factors that may lead to fat soluble vitamins defficiency are via

Back 76

•Dietary source

•Anorexia

•Failure to absorb Vit from food.

Front 77

The mal-absorptive state of Fat soluble vitamins include:

Back 77

•Biliary tract Disease

•Pancreatic Disease

•Alcohol liver Disease

Front 78

There is increase in Vit need in infant during pregnancy & lactation when there is Tumor in the body. T/f

Back 78

True

Front 79

The Adequacy of Vitamin depends on _______&_________

Back 79

•The amount absorbed

•Need of the body

Front 80

Two groups of related compounds have vitamin A activity, mention them

Back 80

•Retinoid

•Carotenoid

Front 81

Retinoid comprises of ______, ________&________

Back 81

Retinol, Retinal & Retinoic acid

They are preformed vit A, found only in foods of animal origin.

Front 82

Carotenoid is found only in _________

Back 82

Plant

Front 83

Carotenoids are cleaved in the intestinal mucosa by ____________ to yield retinal which is reduced to retinol

Back 83

Carotene dioxygenase

Front 84

Retinol is stored in the liver as _______________.

Back 84

Lipid esters.

Front 85

__________ is heat stable but sensitive to ultraviolet light (UV).

Back 85

Vitamin A

Front 86

Vitamin A has two major functions; mention them

Back 86

1) Vision

2) Regulation of gene expression and tissue differentiation.

Front 87

The role of vitamin A in vision was discovered in __________ by __________

Back 87

1943

George Wald

Front 88

Vision is based on the absorption of light by ___________

Back 88

Photoreceptor cells.

Front 89

Vertebrates have two kinds of photoreceptor cells called ________&__________ because of their distinctive shapes.

Back 89

Rods & Cones

Front 90

__________ function in bright light and they are responsible for colour vision

Back 90

Cones

Front 91

_________ function in dim light but they do not receive colour

Back 91

Rods

Front 92

The photoreceptor molecules in Rods are called ___________.

Back 92

Rhodopsin

Front 93

_______ are slender elongated structure densely packed with photoreceptors molecules.

Back 93

Rods

Front 94

Rhodopsin is made up of light –sensitive ________ protein covalently linked to ______________ that serves as the prosthetic group in the retina.

Back 94

Opsin

11-cis –retinal (retinaldehyde)

Front 95

The photoreceptor molecule present in the cones is called ____________.

Back 95

iodopsin

Any one of the cones contains only one type of opsin and is sensitive to only one colour.

Front 96

All _____________&___________ acid regulate growth, development and tissue differentiation.

Back 96

Transretinoic acid & 9-cis-retinoic

Front 97

Retinoic acid binds to ___________ like other hormones and regulate the transcription of specific genes.

Back 97

Nuclear receptor

Front 98

________________ is required for bone remodelling & Resistance to infectious diseases especially in children.

Back 98

Vitamin A

Front 99

Lack of vit. A leads to dysfunction of epithelia cells, for example the skin becomes keratinized and scally and mucour secretion is suppressed. T/f

Back 99

True

Front 100

Normal levels of vit.A are required for __________ production, females also require vit.A for normal reproductive cycles.

Back 100

Sperm production

Front 101

__________ therapy has been shown to prevent noise damage to ear drum and sometimes improves inner ear deafness.

Back 101

Vitamin A

Front 102

Tropical applications of retinoic acid are now used to treat skin disorders such as ______________.

Back 102

Psoriasis

Front 103

The anti-carcinogenic role of vitamin A has been established in animals. Tumour responsiveness to vitamin A treatment has been attributed to the presence of ___________________ for retinoic acid within the tumour.

Back 103

Cytosol-binding protein receptor (CBPR)

Front 104

The richest dietary sources of vitamin A is _________ known as cod liver oil.

Back 104

Fish oil

Front 105

___________ is the richest source of carotenoids.

Back 105

Palm oil

Front 106

Vitamin A is heat stable but very sensitive to ultra violet (UV) light. It is advisable to expose palm oil to sunlight; especially to melt it when it solidified. T/f

Back 106

False

It is not advisable

Front 107

Vit A is carried in the blood as _________________

Back 107

vit A- Retinol Binding Protein (RBP) complex.

in protein malnutrition this carrier protein will not be available.

Front 108

___________ lowers plasma retinol level due to its effect on RBP synthesis.

Back 108

Zinc deficiency

Front 109

In pregnancy, there is a measurable drop in plasma vit A by __ weeks after conception. It further decreases to half the pre-conception level after 12 weeks.

Back 109

6 weeks

Front 110

Liver disease can also cause vit A deficiency because it participates in its ________________

Back 110

Transportation and storage.

Front 111

_____________ is the major effect of vitamin A deficiency.

Back 111

Preventable blindness

Front 112

The earliest sign of vit A deficiency is a loss of sensitivity to ________, followed by impairment to adapt to dim light and night blindness.

Back 112

Green light

Front 113

hypogeusia (loss of taste sensitivity) is related to what vitamin deficiency

Back 113

Vit A

Front 114

______________ is involved in tissue differentiation including the immune system cells.

Back 114

Vitamin A

Front 115

vitamin A must first bind to RBP, in the absence of RBP, the excess unbound vitamin A causes ___________.

Back 115

Tissue damage

Front 116

________&________ are also affected due to the role of vitamin A in vitamin D metabolism.

Back 116

Liver & Bones

Front 117

Since 1882, it has been known that rickets (muscle hypotonia and skeletal deformities) could be cured with ________

Back 117

Cod liver oil

Front 118

Scientists discovered that the active component of cod liver oil was __________

Back 118

vitamin D.

Front 119

Scientists discovered that the active component of cod liver oil was __________

Back 119

vitamin D.

Front 120

Vitamin D that exist naturally in fish oil is called ____________

Back 120

Cholecalciferol or vitamin D3.

Front 121

Vitamin D3 is modified in the liver to ______________________

Back 121

25-hydroxylcholecalciferol or calcidiol

Front 122

Vitamin D3 is modified to ______________ in the kidney.

Back 122

1,25dihydroxylcholecalciferol or calcitriol

Front 123

The synthetic vitamin D commonly used in food fortification is called ________________

Back 123

Calciferol or Vitamin D2.

Front 124

__________ may not be regarded as vitamin because enough quantity is synthesized in the body under normal conditions.

Back 124

Vitamin D

Front 125

Vitamin D is synthesized in the skin from ultraviolet activation of ______________ to produce vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol).

Back 125

7-dehydrocholesterol

Front 126

Vitamin D can not be synthesized in the absence of sunlight, vitamin D supplement is used during winter in temperate egions. T/f

Back 126

True

Women that cover all their body may also experience vitamin D deficiency.

Front 127

____________ is the most abundant vitamin D in the plasma with normal concentration of about 30mg/ml.

Back 127

Calcidiol

Front 128

The main function of Vitamin D is ______________________________

Back 128

Regulation of calcium absorption and homeostasis

(it regulates the concentration of calcium in the plasma).

Front 129

Vit D also facilitates phosphate absorption. These functions are performed in conjunction with parathyroid hormones and vitamin A. T/f

Back 129

True

Front 130

___________ functions as Nuclear receptor hormone to regulate gene expression, cell proliferation and differentiation.

Back 130

Vitamin D

For this reason vitamin D has been speculated to reduce the risk of cancer, diabetes and obesity.

Front 131

Osteoporosis is another bone disease associated with aging but can be treated with vitamin D supplement like osteomalacia. T/f

Back 131

False

It can not bee treated with vitamin D

Front 132

Effects of excess vitamin D in the plasma include calcification of soft tissues such as liver and kidney, this is called __________.

Back 132

Calcinosis

Front 133

Vitamin E is also known as ___________. There are four types based on the position of attachment of methyl groups (α,β, ϓ and δ).

Back 133

Tocopherol

Front 134

The ______________ is the most potent Vitamin E.

Back 134

α-tocopherol

Front 135

This vitamin was referred to as fertility vitamin when it was discovered, because it restored fertility in infertile rats but failed in human. T/f

Back 135

True

Front 136

The major known function of vitamin E in man is its role as _____________________ especially in red blood cells.

Back 136

Fat soluble antioxidant

Its antioxidant functions include chain breaking and free radical trapping in cell membrane.

Front 137

Diet rich in poly unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) deplete the body of vitamin E due to generation of ____________.

Back 137

Peroxide radicals

Front 138

The common dietary sources of vitamin E are fats and oils with different tocopherol content. Soya, corn and palm oils are rich in vitamin E. T//f

Back 138

True

Front 139

The only known symptom of vitamin E deficiency is ______________

Back 139

Hemolytic anemia

due to red blood cell membrane fragility.

Front 140

_____________ is essential for a child born with fat malabsorption syndrome.

Back 140

Vitamin E

Front 141

______________ is also known as blood clotting vitamin.

Back 141

Vitamin K

Front 142

There are two naturally occurring forms of vitamin K ; mention them

Back 142

Phylloquinone : is the normal dietary form found in green vegetables,

Menaquinone : it is synthesized by intestinal bacteria.

Front 143

Infants absorbed sufficient vitamin K in the _________ where it is synthesized but adults absorbed vitamin K in the _____________ where there is no bacteria synthesis.

Back 143

Colon

Upper small intestine

Front 144

Gastrointestinal infection or diarrhea and antibiotic therapy without vitamin K supplement can cause ________________ in infants.

Back 144

Hemorrhage

Front 145

____________ plays an important role in the ϒ- carboxylation of glutamate residues in amino terminal region of prothrombin.

Back 145

Vitamin K

The reaction is catalyzed by vitamin K carboxylase

Front 146

Presence of vitamin K antagonist can also create a condition similar to vitamin K deficiency. Examples of such compounds include ____________&________________

Back 146

Dicoumarol (found in sweet clover)

&

Warfarin (a natural anti-coagulant).

Front 147

_____________ , a derivative of coumarol is used clinically to prevent thrombosis in patients that are prone to clot formation in the artery.

Back 147

Coumarin