Biochemistry Study Guide Vocabulary

Front 1

Atom

Back 1

The basic unit of matter

Front 2

Bohr Model

Back 2

Hint 2

Atomic Model: Allows us to see the amount of electrons for each ring

Front 3

Electron Cloud

Back 3

Hint 3

Atomic Model

Front 4

Ball & Stick

Back 4

Hint 4

Atomic Model

Front 5

Molecule

Back 5

Smallest unit of most compounds that displays all the properties of that compound

Front 6

Compound

Back 6

Substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions

Front 7

Electron

Back 7

Negatively charged particles; located in the space surrounding the nucleus

Hint 7

(-)

Front 8

Proton

Back 8

Positively charged particles

Hint 8

(+)

Front 9

Neutron

Back 9

Particles that carry no charge at all

Hint 9

(+/-) 0 Neutral

Front 10

Ion

Back 10

Atom that has a positive or negative charge

Front 11

Ionic Bond

Back 11

Chemical bond formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

Front 12

Covalent Bond

Back 12

Type of bond between atoms in which the electrons are shared

Front 13

Hydrogen Bond

Back 13

Weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom

Front 14

Acid

Back 14

Compound that forms hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; a solution with a pH of less than 7

Front 15

Base

Back 15

Compound that produce hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution; solution with a pH of more than 7

Front 16

pH Scale

Back 16

Scale with values from 0-14, used to measure the concentration of H+ ions in a solution; a pH of 0-7 is acidic, a pH of 7 is neutral, and a pH of 7-14 is basic

Front 17

Buffer

Back 17

Compound that prevents sharp, sudden changes in pH

Front 18

Polar Covalent Bond

Back 18

Bonds that are partly ionic

Front 19

Adhesion

Back 19

Force of attraction between different kinds of molecules

Front 20

Cohesion

Back 20

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

Front 21

Polar Molecule

Back 21

A molecule in which the charges are evenly distributed

Front 22

Organic Compound

Back 22

any member of a large class of gaseous, liquid, or solid chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon

Front 23

Monomer

Back 23

Small chemical unit that makes up a polymer

Front 24

Dimer

Back 24

a molecule or molecular complex consisting of two identical molecules linked together

Front 25

Polymer

Back 25

Molecules composed of many monomers; makes up macromolecules

Hint 25

Makes up macromolecules

Front 26

Glycogen

Back 26

a substance deposited in bodily tissues as a store of carbohydrates. It is a polysaccharide that forms glucose on hydrolysis

Front 27

Cellulose

Back 27

an insoluble substance that is the main constituent of plant cell walls and of vegetable fibers such as cotton. It is a polysaccharide consisting of chains of glucose monomers

Hint 27

The major component of both wood and paper

Front 28

Starch

Back 28

It is a polysaccharide that functions as a carbohydrate store and is an important constituent of the human diet

Front 29

Lipid

Back 29

Macromolecule made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes

Front 30

Hydrophobic

Back 30

Tending to repel or fail to mix with water

Front 31

Hydrophilic

Back 31

having a tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water

Front 32

Fatty Acid

Back 32

a carboxylic acid consisting of a hydrocarbon chain and a terminal carboxyl group, especially any of those occurring as esters in fats and oils

Front 33

Triglyceride

Back 33

an ester formed from glycerol and three fatty acid groups.

Front 34

Unsaturated

Back 34

having carbon–carbon double or triple bonds and therefore not containing the greatest possible number of hydrogen atoms for the number of carbons

Front 35

Saturated

Back 35

containing the greatest possible number of hydrogen atoms, and so having no carbon–carbon double or triple bonds

Front 36

Amino Acid

Back 36

Compound with an amino group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other end

Front 37

Peptide Bond

Back 37

a chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, releasing a molecule of water (H2O)

Front 38

Polypeptide

Back 38

Long chain of amino acids that makes proteins

Front 39

Protein

Back 39

Macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; needed by the body for growth and repair

Hint 39

Needed by the body for growth and repair

Front 40

Levels of Protein Structure

Back 40

Front 41

Nucleic Acid

Back 41

Macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus

Front 42

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Back 42

Single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose

Front 43

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Back 43

a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information

Front 44

Nucleotide

Back 44

Subunit of which nucleic acids are composed; made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenois base

Front 45

Chemical Reaction

Back 45

Process that changes, or transforms, one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals

Front 46

Reactant

Back 46

Elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction

Front 47

Product

Back 47

Element or compounds produced by a chemical reaction

Front 48

Enzyme

Back 48

Protein catalyst that speeds up the rate of specific biological reactions

Front 49

Activation Energy

Back 49

Energy that is needed to get a reaction started

Front 50

Substrate

Back 50

Reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

Front 51

Enzyme-Substrate Complex

Back 51

A non-covalent complex composed of a substrate bound to the active site of the enzyme

Front 52

Induced Fit Model

Back 52

A model for enzyme-substrate interaction to describe that only the proper substrate is capable of inducing the proper alignment of the active site that will enable the enzyme to perform its catalytic function. It suggests that the active site continues to change until the substrate is completely bound to it, at which point the final shape and charge is determined

Front 53

Dehydration Synthesis

Back 53

A chemical reaction that builds up molecules by losing water molecules

Front 54

Polymerization

Back 54

A process of reacting monomer molecules together in a chemical reaction to form polymer chains or three-dimensional networks

Front 55

Condensation Reaction

Back 55

a chemical reaction in which two molecules or moieties, often functional groups, combine to form a larger molecule, together with the loss of a small molecule

Front 56

Hydrolysis Reaction

Back 56

A chemical reaction in which the interaction of a compound with water results in the decomposition of that compound

Front 57

Catalyst

Back 57

A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction