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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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One of the important waste products of photosynthesis is oxygen gas. Where does this oxygen gas come from?
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Oxygen is released when water is broken down to extract electrons and protons for use in the light reactions.
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The light reactions produce _____.
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oxygen, NADPH, and ATP
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The thylakoid membranes bring together the components necessary to carry out the _____.
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light reactions
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Incoming photons of light energy initiate photosynthesis by _____.
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exciting electrons in pigment molecules within the photosystems, raising them to a higher energy level
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Which option properly summarizes the inputs and outputs of the Calvin cycle?
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ATP + NADPH + 3CO 2 → G3P
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Which of the following equations represents photosynthesis?
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6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
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In which of the following organelles does photosynthesis take place?
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Chloroplast
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What connects the two photosystems in the light reactions?
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An electron transport chain
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What two molecules are produced by the light reactions and used to power the Calvin cycle?
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ATP and NADPH
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What provides electrons for the light reactions?
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H2O
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What transports electrons from the light reactions to the Calvin cycle?
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NADPH
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The light reactions take place in the _________ and the Calvin cycle takes place in the _________.
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thylakoids; stroma
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Which of the following are photoautotrophs?
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corn stalks just before harvest
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Which statement regarding the light reactions is true?
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Electrons are supplied to chlorophyll P680 as it reduces the primary electron acceptor.
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Oxygen is the final electron acceptor for cellular respiration. What is the final electron acceptor in the light reactions of photosynthesis?
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NADP+
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What is the potential benefit of photorespiration in plants?
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It allows plant cells to reduce the buildup of oxygen gas without opening stomata
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Which of the following is an autotroph? |
pine tree |
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_____ is the source of oxygen gas released by photosystem |
water |
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Produced during the Calvin cycle ______ is the raw material that plants use to make necessary organic molecules. |
G3P |
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Cellular Respiration is an ________ reaction |
exergonic |
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In sexually reproducing multicellular organisms, the main functions of mitosis are _____.
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tissue repair/replacement of damaged
cells, growth and development |
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Which events occur during prophase?
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The nuclear envelope breaks down.
Chromosomes condense and are attached to spindle fibers |
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Cytokinesis _____.
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finishes mitosis by dividing the cytoplasm and organelles of the original parent cell into two separate daughter cells
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During _____, the cell carries out its normal functions and the chromosomes are thinly spread out throughout the nucleus.
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interphase
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Looking through a light microscope at a dividing cell, you see two separate groups of chromosomes on opposite ends of the cell. New nuclear envelopes are taking shape around each group. The chromosomes then begin to disappear as they unwind. You are witnessing _____.
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telophase
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The function(s) of meiosis is/are _____.
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a. reproduction (production of gametes)
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Looking through a light microscope at a cell undergoing meiosis, you see that the chromosomes have joined into XX-shaped tetrads. These tetrads are lined up along a plane that runs through the center of the cell. This cell is in _____.
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meiosis I
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Meiosis starts with _____ cells and produces _____ gametes.
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diploid ... haploid
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Meiosis is typically accomplished in _____.
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three steps. All of the chromosomes are duplicated in a diploid cell, and then there are two cell divisions to produce a total of four haploid gametes.
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The _____ separate in meiosis I; the _____ separate in meiosis II.
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homologous chromosomes ... sister chromatids
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Asexual and sexual reproduction differ in that sexual reproduction _____.
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can produce great variation among the offspring
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In bacterial cells, binary fission involves __________.
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distribution of a copy of the single parental chromosome to each daughter cell
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Which of the following statements correctly describes the timing of DNA synthesis?
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DNA is synthesized in the S phase of interphase.
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Which of the following occurs during mitosis?
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Two daughter nuclei, one at each pole of the cell, are generated.
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Which of the following conditions would prevent cell division due to density-dependent factors?
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being completely surrounded by other cells
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A benign and a malignant tumor differ in that _____.
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cells of a benign tumor remain within the tumor, whereas cells of a malignant tumor can spread to other body tissues
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An example of a cell that is 2n is a __________.
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somatic cell
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The function of meiosis is to make __________.
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four cells with a haploid number of chromosomes
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During meiosis I, homologous chromosomes form a tetrad and crossing over occurs. What is the outcome of crossing over?
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Crossing over creates new combinations of genes present on a single chromosome
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Although in humans there are 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes, only three different chromosomal trisomies are commonly seen in newborns. Of the remaining 19 autosomes, many trisomies have not been seen in newborns. Why not?
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Trisomy for the other autosomal chromosomes is often lethal, and the affected embryos are miscarried.
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You suspect that a serious developmental disorder is due to a chromosome abnormality and prepare a karyotype from an affected individual. In analyzing the karyotype, how could you distinguish trisomy from a chromosome structural defect such as a duplication?
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In trisomy there would be one extra chromosome; in a duplication, the number of chromosomes would be normal, but one chromosome would have two copies of a portion of the chromosome.
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Previously, it was thought that the blending hypothesis explained inheritance. The blending hypothesis maintained that __________.
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after a mating, genes of the two parents are mixed in the offspring and lose their individual identities
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Mendel's view of the mechanism of heredity was radically different from the prevailing view of the time because he saw heredity working through _____.
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unchanging (immutable), heritable factors that were contributed by each parent and never mixed
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The cross-fertilization of two different, but true-breeding, varieties of pea plants will _____.
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result in hybrid plants
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Imagine a particular character (such as flower color) that is determined by a single gene. If this gene is present in two forms, how can you tell which allele is dominant and which is recessive?
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Perform a cross between two true-breeding individuals and observe the trait or traits expressed by the F1 individuals.
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In a monohybrid cross, F2 refers to __________.
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the second filial generation, or the "grandchildren" of the original mating pair
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A child with cystic fibrosis can be born to two parents who do not have the disease. This is because the disease _____.
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is caused by a recessive allele
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In an individual of genotype Aa, where are the A and a alleles physically located?
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One allele is on one chromosome, and the other is in the same position (locus) on the homologous chromosome.
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Mendel's principle of independent assortment applies to the __________.
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independent assortment of alleles of one gene relative to the alleles of any other gene
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Suppose we have a pea plant with purple flowers, determined by the dominant allele P. How might you determine whether the plant is homozygous (PP) or heterozygous (Pp)?
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Perform a testcross: Cross the plant with a white one, which must be homozygous recessive (pp).
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Cystic fibrosis is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. Males who have cystic fibrosis are usually sterile. Furthermore, the disease is often lethal before the age of reproduction. Even though people with the disease rarely reproduce, cases continue to arise because __________.
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the harmful allele "hides" inside heterozygous individuals and one-fourth of the offspring of two heterozygotes should be afflicted
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Flower color in snapdragons is an example of incomplete dominance. If a red-flowered plant is crossed with a white-flowered plant, the F1 generation has pink flowers. If a pink-flowered plant is crossed with another pink-flowered plant, the expected progeny plants will be __________.
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25% red, 50% pink, and 25% white
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There are over 100 alleles known for the gene associated with cystic fibrosis. With current technology, it is possible to determine exactly which allele or alleles is/are carried by a person. What is the maximum number of different alleles that any person can carry?
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2
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If the gene for seed color that Mendel studied exhibited pleiotropy, how might a green pea be different from a yellow pea?
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With pleiotropy, there would be other differences between the peas - for example, green peas may also be larger, ripen earlier, and be more sensitive to frost.
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The inheritance of height and weight can best be described as __________.
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polygenic and multifactorial
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Our understanding of the role played by genes in many human characteristics is advancing rapidly in, for example, body size, performance on IQ tests, and personality traits. In this new genetic era, the role of the environment __________.
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is to work with genes in complex and often unknown ways in the development of these traits
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Hemophilia appears rarely in females. This is because _____.
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the female must possess the hemophilia gene on both X chromosomes
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Because it is passed essentially intact from father to son, Y chromosome research has been particularly useful in improving our understanding of __________.
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recent human evolution
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Which of the following build(s) new strands of DNA?
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DNA polymerases
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Which statement about DNA replication is CORRECT?
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The leading strand is built continuously, and the lagging strand is built in pieces.
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During DNA replication, which nucleotide will bind to an A nucleotide in the parental DNA?
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T
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The molecule that seals the gaps between the pieces of DNA in the lagging strand is
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DNA ligase.
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Which statement about DNA replication is FALSE?
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DNA ligase adds nucleotides to the lagging strand.
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Which of the following events occurs during transcription?
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A molecule of RNA is formed based on the sequence of nucleotides in DNA.
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Which of the following is a correct statement about mRNA?
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mRNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm following RNA processing.
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The site of translation is
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ribosomes in the cell cytoplasm.
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Which one of the following does not play a role in translation?
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DNA
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Which of the following does not occur during RNA processing?
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mRNA attaches to the small subunit of a ribosome.
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Hershey and Chase were able to differentiate between proteins and nucleic acids using radioactive atoms of elements found only in those macromolecules. Which of the following would be found only in proteins?
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sulfur
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Which of the following is found in RNA but not in DNA?
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an additional hydroxyl group
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Which of the following is true about double-stranded DNA?
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Its strands have a sugar-phosphate backbone.
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During replication, the original "parent" DNA _____.
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serves as the template for the creation of two complete sets of DNA
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In transcription, _____.
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RNA polymerase links nucleotides to form mRNA.
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In eukaryotic cells, the RNA is processed before it leaves the nucleus. This processing _____.
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includes the addition of a cap and tail, which protect the mRNA molecule from enzymatic attack, and the removal of introns
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An anticodon is _____.
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a set of triplet bases that is complementary to a codon triplet on mRNA
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If protein production were an assembly line, a ribosome would be _____.
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the worker who puts all of the pieces together
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The translation process requires all of the following: _____.
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transfer RNA, ribosomes, AUG codons
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During the lytic cycle, but not the lysogenic cycle, _____.
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whole viruses leave the host cell to infect other cells
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Your body is composed of a dazzling array of different cell types. Each cell type develops its own unique properties. How does this happen?
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All cells (with very few exceptions) contain the same set of genes, but the process of gene expression determines which genes are active in each cell.
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Operons are a standard method for gene regulation in _____.
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Within an operon, repressors _____.
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To begin the process of gene transcription, RNA polymerase attaches to _____.
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the promoter associated with the target gene
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The lac operon controls expression of three genes that produce lactose-digesting enzymes. What role does lactose play in regulating the lac operon?
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It binds to and disables the repressor protein, thereby allowing production of the three enzymes.
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Researchers have used yeast mating systems as model systems to study _____.
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signal transduction systems
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What controls the way in which a zygote differentiates?
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Selective genes are turned on and off, depending on the fate of the cell.
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Alternative RNA splicing has revealed inaccuracies in the one gene:one polypeptide hypothesis. Why?
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Transcription of the same gene can lead to the production of different mRNAs and therefore different proteins.
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After translation is complete, the insulin polypeptide is activated by _____.
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the cutting of the initial translation product to yield two shorter chains joined together by sulfur linkages
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In embryonic mice, a homeotic gene controls development of the neck, which includes the larynx and thymus. If this gene were deleted, a full-term mouse would show _____.
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lack of development of the larynx and thymus
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A researcher performs a DNA microarray but forgets to add the enzyme reverse transcriptase. This is important because the enzyme makes _____ from a(n) _____ template.
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cDNA; mRNA
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Since the first animal was produced using a fully differentiated cell, a number of observations have been made. Which of the following statements is true in regard to reproductive cloning?
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Cloned animals often develop chronic conditions that are usually only associated with old age.
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Stem cells could be immensely important in the treatment of which of the following conditions?
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spinal cord injuries
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Proto-oncogenes have the potential to become oncogenes. Which of the following is most likely to lead to cancer?
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a mutation that causes the proto-oncogene to become overactive
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In humans, the most common cancer is _____.
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lung cancer
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Which of the following is an autotroph? |
Pine Tree |
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_______ Is the source of the oxygen gas released by a photosystem |
Water |
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Produced during the Calvin cycle, is the raw material that plants use to make necessary organic molecules |
G3P |
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Cellular Respiration is a(n) ________ reaction |
exergonic |
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Genes are carried on |
Chromosomes |
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Homologous Chromosomes |
carry the same genes in the same sequence |
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A duplicated chromosome consist of two sister |
chromatids |
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Which of the following events occur during the telophase? |
The cleavage furrow forms |
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What is amniocentesis usually performed? |
Between week 14 and 20 of pregnacy |
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The Austrian Monk known for his work on inheritance usually gardened peas |
Gregor Mendel |
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An individual heterozygous for cystic fibrosis |
is a carrier of cystic fibrosis |
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What is a genotype of an individual who is heterozygous for dimples? |
Dd |
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What is the name given to a specific location of a gene on a chromosome? |
Locus |
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DNA and RNA are polymers of ______monomers |
Nucleotide |
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What type of bond joins the bases of DNA strands? |
hydrogen |
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Which enzyme is responsible for RNA synthesis? |
RNA polymerase |
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Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA is called? |
mutation |
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If Adenine makes up 20% of the basis in a DNA helix, what percent of the basis is Guanine? |
30% |
