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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When is a tumor considered benign? |
1. Only when unrestrained growth characteristic is expressed |
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When is a tumor considered malignant? |
1. Have the ability to leave their site of origin and form secondary tumors |
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From where do carcinomas arise? |
1. Epithelial tissues |
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From where do sarcomas arise? |
1. Connective tissue 2. Muscle vasculature |
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What are the cancers of blood cells? |
1. Leukemia 2. Lymphoma |
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What is a benign/malignant tumor of the epithelium? |
1. Benign-- adenoma 2. Malignant-- adenocarcinoma |
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What is a benign/malignant tumor of cartilage? |
1. Chondroma 2. Condrosarcoma |
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From what do most cancers arise? |
1. Single genetic change |
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What is the multiple-hit hypothesis? |
1. More than one genetic change in ONE cell is needed to cause cancer |
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What is the average number of mutations you need to develop cancer? |
1. 4-10 |
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What are some genetic changes that can lead to cancer? |
1. Point mutations 2. Deletions 3. Frameshifts 4. Chromosomal translocations |
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What is the MC mutagenicity test? |
1. Ames test |
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What is the function of P40 enzymes? |
1. Detoxify drugs and other xenobiotics 2. Can backfire and lead to cancer |
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How does a P450 reactive product lead to cancer or cell injury? |
1. Covalently binds and causes: 2. Cell injury 3. Hapten production 4. Mutation |
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What polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon should you know for the test? What is it from? |
1. Benzopyrine 2. Soot |
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How does benzopyrene cause cancer? |
1. Liver adds O2 2. New molecules attacks DNA |
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What dyes can be activated into reactive esters? |
1. 2-acetylaminofluorene 2. 2-aminonaphthalene |
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What is an indirect carcinogen? |
1. Any substance that requires metabolic activation to be mutagenic and carcinogenic |
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What is a direct carcinogen? |
1. Substances which are genotoxic and modify DNA without any metabolic alteration |
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What is an initiator? |
1. Mutagenic agent |
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What is a promoter? |
1. Chemical or physical agent that stimulate cellular proliferation |
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What are some examples of promoters? |
1. Phenols 2. Estrogens 3. Cigarette smoke 4. Viral infection 5. DES 6. Bile acids 7. High fat diet |
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What growth signaling switch happens in cancer? |
1. Switch from paracrine to autocrine growth signaling |
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What are the oncogenic viruses? |
1. HPV 2. HBV 3. EBV |
