Biochemistry: Glycolysis

Front 1

________ is generated by the oxidation of fuel molecules such as glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids.

The common intermediate in most of these reactions is __________

Back 1

ATP

Acetyl CoA

Front 2

The carbon atoms of the acetyl unit are completely oxidized to CO2 by the citric acid cycle with the formation of NADH and FADH2. T/f

Back 2

True

Front 3

Jdj

Back 3

Jjjd

Front 4

ATP is generated via: _______________________ & ________________________

Back 4

Substrate level phosphorylation: Production of ATP or GTP by the transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate directly to ADP or GDP.

Oxidative phosphorylation: Synthesis of ATP via the transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH 2 to O2 by a series of electron carriers.

Front 5

_________ is the major electron donor in reductive biosynthesis.

Back 5

NADPH

Front 6

The central metabolic pathways have anabolic as well as catabolic roles. T/f

Back 6

True

Front 7

Glycolysis is sometimes called the ___________________, after Gustav Embden and Otto Meyerhof who made significant contributions to its elucidation in 1940.

Back 7

Embden Meyerhof pathway

Front 8

TYPES OF REACTIONS FOUND IN THE GLYCOLYTIC PATHWAY ARE:

Back 8

•Phosphoryl Transfer

•Isomerization

•Dehydration

•Aldol Cleavage

PIDA

Front 9

____________ is present in the small intestine, functions primarily as a fructose transporter.

Back 9

GLUT5

Mnemonics

5ructose

Front 10

_____________ has a Km value of 5 mM, transports glucose into muscle and fat cells.

Back 10

GLUT4

Mnemonics

4ought with all my strength and size

Front 11

__________ is present in liver and pancreatic β cells, is distinctive in having a very high km for glucose. (15- 20 mM)

Back 11

GLUT2

Note

High kmM means they have low affinity for glucose

Front 12

_________&_________ are present in nearly all mammalian cells, are responsible for basal glucose uptake. Their K M value for glucose is about 1 mM,

Back 12

GLUT1&3

significantly less than the normal serum-glucose level, which ranges from 4 mM - 8 mM. Hence, they continually transport glucose into cells at an essentially constant rate.

Front 13

______________ is a rare genetic defect of glycolysis.

Back 13

Deficiency.

Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency.Causes haemolytic anaemia. Glycolytic intermediates close to the pyruvate kinase step accumulate , whereas pyruvate and Lactate concentrations decrease.

Causes haemolytic anaemia. Glycolytic intermediates close to the pyruvate kinase step accumulate , whereas pyruvate and Lactate concentrations decrease.

Front 14

____________ is the most frequent form of metabolic acidosis. It can occur as a result of overproduction of lactate, underutilization of Lactate or inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase.

Back 14

Lactic Acidosis.

It may also be as a result of rare congenital disorders where the mitochondria does not function at full capacity or diabetic ketoacidosis as well as liver/kidney disease. It is characterized by Lactate levels> 5mM/L and serum pH<7.35

Front 15

Ethanol is formed from _________ in yeast and several other microorganisms

Back 15

Pyruvate

Front 16

Pyruvate kinase from muscle and liver is allosterically inhibited by _______, so the conversion of PEP to pyruvate is blocked when the energy charge is high.

Back 16

ATP

Front 17

Hence, an abundance of fructose 6-phosphate leads to a higher concentration of F-2,6-BP, which in turn stimulates phosphofructokinase. Such a process is called ___________________.

Back 17

Feedforward stimulation

Front 18

_____________________is a potent activator of phosphofructokinase. ( PFK1)

Back 18

Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (F-2,6-BP)

Front 19

Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate is formed in a reaction catalyzed by ___________________.

Back 19

PhosphoFructoKinase 2 (PFK2)

Front 20

The inhibition of phosphofructokinase leads to the inhibition of _______________

Back 20

Hexokinase

Front 21

________________ is inhibited by its product, glucose 6-phosphate. High concentrations of glucose 6-phosphate is a signal that the cell no longer requires glucose for energy, but for storage in the form of glycogen, or as a source of biosynthetic precursors.

Back 21

Hexokinase.

Front 22

PFK is inhibited by : ______________ & ________________

Back 22

(i) High levels of ATP: ATP binds to a highly specific regulatory site that is distinct from the catalytic site. The inhibitory action is reversed by AMP. (The activity of the enzyme increases when the ATP/ AMP ratio is lowered and vice versa.)

(ii). High levels of Citrate: which indicates that biosynthetic precursors are abundant

Front 23

The glycolytic pathway has a dual role mention them:

Back 23

(i) Degrades glucose to generate ATP.

(ii) Provides building blocks for synthesis of cellular components.

The rate at which glucose is converted to pyruvate is regulated to meet these needs.

Front 24

What is the Entry points in Glycolysis for Fructose and Galactose

Back 24

Galatose : Glucose-6-phosphate.

Fructose: Fructose-6-phosphate.