Biochemistry Final Exam -- Part 1

Front 1

FA degradation is a __ process

Back 1

oxidative

Front 2

FA is cleaved to yield what two products?

Back 2

FA (n-2) and acetyl CoA

Front 3

Monosaccharides are joined to ___ and ____ through what types of bonds?

Back 3

alcohols and amines through glycosidic bonds

Front 4

Oligosaccharides and polysaccharides are created through ____ bonds

Back 4

O-glycosidic linkages`

Front 5

How is glucose stored?

Back 5

as a long polymer

Front 6

Polymers of glucose have what type of linkages?

Back 6

AGlycogen: Alpha 1,4

Sometimes alpha 1-6

Starch: linear form only has alpha 1-4

Front 7

Linkages in cellulose

Back 7

beta 1,4

Front 8

Cellulose: branched or unbranched? H bonding?

Back 8

unbranched, h bonded

Front 9

Glycoprotein

Back 9

mostly carb with a protein group

Front 10

Where are glycoproteins found?

Back 10

surface of membrane

Front 11

Carbohydrates can be linked to proteins through ___ or ____

Back 11

N or O linked
N for Asn, O for Thr or Ser

Front 12

All ___ have a common ___

Back 12

N linked oligosaccharides have a common pentasaccharide core

Front 13

How are FA stored?

Back 13

as trigylcerols (neutral fats)

Front 14

"Stored as___"

Back 14

uncharged esters of FA with glycerol

Front 15

FA are building blocks for

Back 15

phosholipids and glycolipids

Front 16

What involves reduction reactions?

Back 16

FA synthesis

Front 17

Back 17

Front 18

Which is more reduced carbs or lipids?

Back 18

Lipids (more C-H bonds compared to C=O of C-OH bonds)

Front 19

Which is more oxidized? Pasta or butter?

Back 19

Pasta

Front 20

Celery has what type of linkages?

Back 20

beta 1,4

Front 21

TAG are highly concentrated stores of ____ energy

Back 21

metabolic

Front 22

TAG are ____ and ____

Back 22

reduced and anhydrous

Front 23

Yield of oxidation from FA vs carb or proein?

Back 23

2x as high

Front 24

Glycogen more or less oxidized than fats?

Back 24

more oxidized

Front 25

Controls mobilization of TAG in adiopose tissue

Back 25

catabolic hormones

Front 26

Glucagon signals

Back 26

low energy

Front 27

Epinephrine signals

Back 27

immediate energy need

Front 28

At destination, FA are

Back 28

activated and transported to mitochondia for degredation

Front 29

FA broken down to

Back 29

acetyl CoA

Front 30

Liver converts glycerol to

Back 30

pyruvate or glucose

Front 31

Various tissues can use FA to produce ___? after what process?

Back 31

ATP after converting it to Acetyl CoA

Front 32

Creation of activated FA. First, use ____ to create

Back 32

ATP to create FA-AMP

Front 33

Next, transfer ___ to ___

Back 33

FA to CoA molecule

Front 34

What drives the activation of FA?

Back 34

pyrophoshatase degrading pyrophosphate

Front 35

Precursor for virtually all FA

Back 35

Acetyl CoA

Front 36

Link 2C units together to produce what?

Back 36

16C FA (palmite) which is the precursor for other FA

Front 37

Selecting and condensing compartment binds ____ and ____ to form what?

Back 37

substrates (acyl CoA and malonyl CoA) and condenses them to form the growing chain

Front 38

Modification compartment catalyzes

Back 38

Reduction and dehydration

Front 39

FA synthesis requires a ___?

Back 39

an activated malonyl group (2C)

Front 40

FA synthesis highest when ___ are plentiful and ____ are scarce

Back 40

carbs and energy are plentiful and FA are scarce

Front 41

Key regulator in synthesis and degredation

Back 41

acetyl CoA carboxylase

Front 42

Committed step in FA synthesis? Accompanied by?

Back 42

production of activated 2C donor malonyl CoA. ATP hydrolysis

Front 43

Acetyl CoA carboxylase inhibited by high ATP or low ATP?

Back 43

Low ATP (high AMP)

Front 44

Acetyl CoA carboxylase: High ATP?

Back 44

activated

Front 45

Acetyl CoA carboxylase: High citrate?

Back 45

activated

Front 46

Acetyl CoA carboxylase: high AMP?

Back 46

inhibited

Front 47

Acetyl CoA carboxylase : High insulin?

Back 47

activated

Front 48

Acetyl CoA carboxylase: energy need conditions?

Back 48

inhibted

Front 49

Acetyl CoA carboxylase: energy abundance

Back 49

activated

Front 50

Acetyl CoA carboxylase : high palmatoyl CoA?

Back 50

inhibited

Front 51

Acetyl CoA carboxylase : catabolic hormones?

Back 51

inhibited

Front 52

Back 52

activated acetyl group

Front 53

Back 53

activated acyl group

Front 54

Lipid bilayers rarely form or form spontaneously?

Back 54

spontaneously

Front 55

Major driving force or of lipid bilayer formation

Back 55

hydrophobic interactions

Front 56

favor close packing in lipid bilayers

Back 56

vderwals

Front 57

occur between polar heads and H20

Back 57

electrostatic and h bonding

Front 58

Buildup of activated palmite inhibits or activates Acetyl CoA carboxylase

Back 58

activated

Front 59

FA normally branched or unbranched?

Back 59

unbranched

Front 60

More unsaturated FA--butter or oil?

Back 60

oil

Front 61

Four components to phosholipids

Back 61

1 or more FA, a platform (glycerol), phosphate, alcohol

Front 62

Type of linkage in phosphoglycerides

Back 62

esterification between carboxyl group and phosphoric acid

Front 63

Key intermediate in synthesis of phoshoglycerides

Back 63

phosphatidate

Front 64

How to make phosphoglycerides?

Back 64

phosphatidate + alcohol

Front 65

Alcohol attached using what type of linkage?

Back 65

ester

Front 66

Do all phospholipids have a glycerol backbone?

Back 66

no, some have a sphingomyelin backbone

Front 67

sphingosine is a ___ ____

Back 67

amino alcohol

Front 68

Glycolipids: 4 aspects

Back 68

glycerol or sphingosine bacjbone, no phosphate, sugar group, sugar faces extracellular side of membrane

Front 69

Cholesterol structure

Back 69

4 HC rings (3 hex, 1 pent)

Front 70

Amphipathic molecules arrange as

Back 70

micelles (polar heads out), lipid bilayers (favored)

Front 71

Lipid bilayers often enclose

Back 71

aqueous environments

Front 72

Lipid bilayers highly impermeable to

Back 72

polar molecules and ions

Front 73

Permeability units

Back 73

cm s ^-1

Front 74

Membrane protein types

Back 74

pumps, receptors, channels, enzymes

Front 75

Interact with FA tails

Back 75

integral membrane proteins

Front 76

associated with polar head groups or membrane surface

Back 76

peripheral membrane proteins

Front 77

Facilitated by hydrophobic rsidues in protein

Back 77

integral membrane proteins

Front 78

anchored to lipid bilayer by covalently attached HC

Back 78

peripheral membrane protein

Front 79

How to remove integral membrane proteins?

Back 79

detergent

Front 80

How to remove peripheral membrane protein?

Back 80

salt of pH change

Front 81

Membrane anchored proteins use

Back 81

membrane lipids as substrates

Front 82

Proteins span membrane with what structure?

Back 82

alpha helices

Front 83

Many residues in the alpha helices are polar or non polar? charged or uncharged?

Back 83

nonpolar, uncharged

Front 84

bacteria regulate fluidity by?

Back 84

varying FA chain length and unsaturation

helps with low temps

Front 85

Animals regulate fluidity through

Back 85

cholesterol (disrupts packing)

Front 86

Metabolic pathways allow for __ and __?

Back 86

fuel consumption and large molecule synthesis

Front 87

currency of all life forms

Back 87

ATP

Front 88

powers ATP formation

Back 88

carbon fuel oxidation

Front 89

Useful energy employed for what types of reactions?

Back 89

anabolic

Front 90

three things that require input of free energy

Back 90

mechanical work, active transport, synthesis of complex biomolecules

Front 91

ATP hydrolysis is

Back 91

exergonic

Front 92

ATP is ___ to become what two products?

Back 92

hydrolyzed to become ADP and Pi

Front 93

energy released or gain from bonds breaking?

Back 93

released

MAJOR amount ATP--->ADP

Front 94

delta G ATP--->ADP

Back 94

-50kj/mol

Front 95

ions associate with ATP hydrolyzation

Back 95

Mn2+ and Mg2+