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126 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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enzyme regulation methods (7)
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1. enzyme [] alterations (synthesis or degradation)
2. covalent modification (ex: phosphorylation) 3. proteolytic modification (zymogens) 4. allosteric regulation (ex: allosteric inh.) 5. pH 6. temperature 7. transcriptional regulation (ex: steroid hormones) |
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regulates checkpoints that control transitions between phases of cell cycle
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cyclins
cdk's tumor suppressors |
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Gap or growth phase
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G phase
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Synthesis phase
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S phase
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stages of the cell cycle
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G0->G1->S->G2->Mitosis
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phases of mitosis
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Interphase
Prophase metaphasea anaphase telophase |
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shortest phase of cell cycle
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mitosis
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phase that forms proteins to make dna
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g1
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phase in which chromosomes replicate
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S phase
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only protein made at S phase
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centriole
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chemo drugs that target S phase
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antimetabolites
etoposide |
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chemo drugs that target G2 phase
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bleomycin
etoposide |
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chemo drugs that target M phase
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vinka alkaloids and taxols
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cells that remain in G0 phase
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permanent cells
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permanent cells
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cells that remain in G0
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how permanant cells regenerate
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from stem cells
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permanant cells
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neurons
skeletal/cardiac muscle rbc's |
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enter G1 from G0 when stimulated
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stable cells
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stable cells
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hepatocytes
lymphocytes |
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divide rapidly; never go to g0
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labile cells
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labile cells
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bone marrow
gut epithelium skin hair follicles *rapidly dividing cells* |
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divide rapidly with a short g1
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labile cells
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cells rich in RER
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mucus-secreting goblet cells of small intestine
ab-secreting plasma cells |
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site of synthesis of secreted proteins
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RER
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site of N-linked oligosaccharide addition to many proteins
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RER
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stain of RER in neurons
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nissl bodies
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synthesizes enzymes and peptide NT's in neurons
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nissl bodies
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the distribution center of proteins and lipids from ER to plasma membrane, lysosomes, and secretory vesicles
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Golgi
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modifies N-oligosaccharides on Asn
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Golgi
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adds O-oligosaccharide to Ser and Thr
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Golgi
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adds mannose-6-ph to specific lysosomal proteins
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golgi
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targets protein from golgi to lysosome
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mannose-6-ph label
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site of proteoglycan assembly
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golgi
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site of sulfation of sugars in PG's and of select Tyr on proteins
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Golgi
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failure of addition of mannose-6-ph to lysosomal proteins
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I-cell disease
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I-cell disease: where do the enzymes go?
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enzymes are secreted out of the cell instead of being targeted by the lysosome
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features of I-cell disease:
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coarse facial features
clouded cornea restricted joint movement high plasma levels of lysosomal enzymes *often fatal in children |
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trafficking protein that's retrograde (golgi -> er)
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COPI
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trafficking protein that's anterograde (RER -> cis-Golgi)
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COPII
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Clathrin
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vesicular trafficking protein:
trans-golgi -> lysosomes plasma membrane -> endosomes |
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receptor-mediated endocytosis
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endosomes
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vesicular trafficking protein that controls receptor-mediated endocytosis
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cathrin
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functions of golgi (6)
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1. distribution center of protein and lipids from ER to plasma membrane, lysosome, and secretory vesicles
2. modifies n-oligosaccharides on asn 3. adds o-oligosaccharides to ser and thr 4. adds mannose-6-ph to lysosymal proteins; this targets it to lysosome 5. PG assembly 6. sulfation of sugars in PG's and tyr on proteins |
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structure of MT
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cylindrical structure
24 nm in diameter variable length helical array of polymerized dimers of Alpha and Beta-tubulin |
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MT's are made up of.....
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helical array of polymerized dimers of alpha and beta- tubulin
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bound to a dimer of alpha or beta tubulin
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2 gtp bound
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cell structures with microtubules
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flagella, cilia, mitotic spindles
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slow axoplasmic transport in neurons
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microtubules
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grows slowly and collapses quickly
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microtubules
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drugs that act on microtubules (5)
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1. griseofulvin - antifungal
2. taxol - anti-breast ca 3. mebendazole/thiabendazole 4. vincristine/vinblastine 5. colchicine - anti-gout |
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microtubule polymerization defect resulting in decreased phagocytosis
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chediak-higashi syndrome
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9+2 arrangement of microtubules
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cilia
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atpase that links peripheral 9 doublets of cilia
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dynein
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causes of bending of cilium by differential sliding of doublets
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dynein
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regrograde motion
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dynein
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anterograde motion
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kinesin
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immotile cilia due to a dynein arm defect
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kartagener's syndrome
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situs inversus
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kartagener's
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infertility due to immotile sperm
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kartagener's
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recurrent sinusitis due to inability of cilia to push bacteria and particles out
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kartagener's
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plasma membrane composition
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assymetric fluid bylayer
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substances that make of plasma membrane
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50% cholesterol
50% phospholipids sphingolipids, glycolipids, proteins |
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increased melting point of plasma membrane
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with high cholesterol and long saturated fatty acids
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major component of rbc membranes
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lecithin/phosphatidyl choline
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major component of bile
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lecithin
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major component of myelin
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lecithin
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major component of surfactant
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lecithin
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surfactanct aka
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DPPC - dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline
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used in esterification of cholesterol
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lecithin
LCAT = lecithin-cholesterol acyl transferase |
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location of Na+-K+-ATPase
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plasma membrane
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location of ATP site
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cytoplasmic side
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for each atp consumed in sodium pump, ? Na go ? and ? K go ?
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3 Na+ go out
2 K+ come in |
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drugs that inhibit sodium pump
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Ouabain
Cardiac glycosides |
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drug that binds to K+ site
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Ouabain
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inhibits NaKatpase
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cardiac glycosides
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result of cardiac glycosides on the heart
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high cardiac contractility
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most abundant protein in the human body
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collagen
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organizes and strengthens extracellular matrix
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collagen
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Type I collagen
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Bone
skin tendon dentin fascia cornea late wound repair |
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type II collagen
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cartilage (including hyaline)
vitreous body nucleus pulposus |
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type III collagen
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reticulin - skin, bs, uterus, fetal tissue, granulation tissue
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type IV collagen
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basement membrane or basal lamina
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location of synthesis of collagen
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RER
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location of hydroxylation of collagen
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ER
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location of glycosylation of collagen
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golgi
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what cells synthesize collagen mostly
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fibroblasts
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what steps of collagen synthesis occur inside fibroblast
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synthesis
hydroxylation glycosylation exocytosis |
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site of preprocollagen formation
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RER
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preprocollagen
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through translation of collagen alpha chains
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structure of preprocollagen peptide
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Gly-X-Y peptide
x and y are Pro, hydroxypro, and hyroxylys |
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needed for hydroxylation of preprocollagen
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vitamin C
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gets hydroxylated
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Pro
Lys |
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procollagen
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triple helix of 3 collagen alpha chains
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site of procollagen synthesis
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Golgi
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synthesis of procollagen by....
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glycosylation of pro-alpha-chain Lys residues
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exocytosis during collagen synthesis
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exocytosis of procollagen into extracellular space
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disease where hydroxylation of proline/lys is inhibited
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scurvy
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disease where glycosylation of pro alpha chain lysine are inhibited
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osteogenesis imperfecta
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disease where procollagen can not be formed
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osteogenesis imperfecta
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steps of collagen synthesis occurring outside of fibroblast
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proteolytic processing
cross-linking |
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decifient proteolytic processing
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ehlers-danlos
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cleavage of terminal regions of procollagen
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proteolytic processing
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proteolytic processing yields
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tropocollagen
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reinforcement of many staggered tropocollagen by covalent lysine-hydroxylysine cross links
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cross-linking
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enzyme that makes covalent lysine-hydroxylysine cross-links
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lysyl oxidase
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collagen fibril
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many staggered tropocollagens linked by covalent lys-hydroxylys cross-linkages
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faulty peptide cleaveage of tropocollagen
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ehler danlos
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faulty collagen synthesis
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ehler-danlos
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collagen type most affected with ehlers-danlos
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Type III
*blood vessel instability* |
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seen with ehlers-danlos pt
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hyperextensible skin
tendency to bleed (bruising) hypermobile joints |
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ehlers-danlos association
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berry aneurysms
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AD with abnormal Collagen type I
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Osteogenesis imperfecta
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osteogenesis imperfect patient
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multiple fractures with minimal trauma
blue sclerae - translucency of conn. tissue over choroid hearing loss - abnormal middle ear bone dental imperfections - lack of dentin |
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type of osteogenesis imperfects that is fatal in utero/neonatal period
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type II
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maybe confused with child abuse
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osteogenesis imperfecta
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stains connective tissue
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vimentin
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stains muscle
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desmin
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stains epithelial cells
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GFAP - glial fibrillary acid proteins
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stain neurons
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neurofilaments
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locations of elastin in body
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lungs
large arteries elastic ligaments |
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protein rich in Pro and Lys - non hydroxylated form
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elastin
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tropoelastin has
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fibrillin scaffolding
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defective fibrillin
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marfan's
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conformations of elastin
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relaxed or stretched
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excess elastase activity
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emphysema
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inhibits elastase
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alpha antitrypsin
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