Biochem Exam 3

Front 1

What are the 3 general steps involved in cancer?

Back 1

1. Initiation - mutation occurs and cell multiplies
2. Progression - angiogenesis, neovascularization, expansion of small tumors
3. Metastasis - colonization in other tissues

Front 2

What are 7 properties of cancer cells?

Back 2

1. ignore signals that regulate proliferation
2. no contact inhibition
3. avoid terminal differentiation
4. avoid apoptosis
5. genetically unstable
6. invasive
7. metastasize to foreign sites

Front 3

Are mutations in non-coding regions passed on?

Back 3

yes

Front 4

How much does a mutation increase in one generation?

Back 4

10^6 times

Front 5

What kind of population of Ig is found in normal plasma?

Back 5

heterogenous

Front 6

What kind of population of Ig is found in the plasma of a person with multiple myeloma?

Back 6

single Ig species produced by a single clonal population of tumor cells

Front 7

What can decrease the incidence of colorectal cancer?

Back 7

polypectomy

Front 8

What 2 events affecting genes allow adenomas to progress?

Back 8

activation of K-ras
loss of 18q TSG

Front 9

Inactivation of which 2 genes causes epithelium to become cancer?

Back 9

HPC1 & TP53 tumor suppressors

Front 10

Inactivation of which 3 genes allow prostate cancer to metastasize?

Back 10

CDH1, TP53, KAI1

Front 11

What genes are inactivated to allow epithelial cancer to become localized prostate cancer?

Back 11

tumor suppressors like Rb

Front 12

What two events regarding genes cause androgen-independent prostate cancer?

Back 12

overexpression of BCL-2 oncogene
alteration in androgen receptor

Front 13

What are the differences between an overactivity mutation and an underactivity mutation?

Back 13

Overactivity - single mutation creates oncogene
Underactivity - mutations in both genes eliminate a tumor suppressor

Front 14

What 2 events allow for tumor proliferation?

Back 14

stem cell fails to produce a non-stem cell in each division daughter cells fail to differentiate normally

Front 15

What does the cell cycle checkpoint in M monitor?

Back 15

improper spindle formation
prevents aneuploidy (gain or loss of chromosomes)

Front 16

What do the cell cycle checkpoint in G1 and G2 monitor?

Back 16

DNA damage

Front 17

What does the cell cycle checkpoint in S monitor?

Back 17

unreplicated DNA

Front 18

What are 7 mechanisms that may be disrupted in cancer?

Back 18

nucleotide-excision repair
base excision repair
mismatch repair
recombination repair
chromosome segregation
changes in CpG-island methylation

Front 19

How does inherent genomic instability affect tumors?

Back 19

leads to highly tissue-specific tumors

Front 20

What is caused by mutations in MMR genes?

Back 20

colorectal and endometrial cancers

Front 21

Mutations in what genes lead to colorectal and endometrial cancers?

Back 21

MMR genes

Front 22

What is caused by mutations in XP genes?

Back 22

xeroderma pigmentosum

Front 23

Mutations in what genes lead to xeroderma pigmentosum?

Back 23

XP genes