Bio102 Exam 3

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COELOM

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A fluid filled body cavity found in most animals. Animals with a coelom are called Coelomates, and animals without one are called Acoelomates. Psuedocoelomates have a false coelom (tube within tube arrangement).

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ACOELOMATE

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Acoelomates have no coelom or true body cavity. Examples: flatworms, jellyfish

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DEUTEROSTOME

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In deuterostomes, the first opening in the blastula develops into the anus, and another opening forms later and becomes the mouth. Examples: Starfish, sea urchins, arrow worms, lamp shells, vertebrates, echinoderms

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PROTOSTOME

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In protostomes, the first opening in the blastula develops into the mouth, and another opening forms later and becomes the anus. Examples: Arthropods, mollusks, annelid worms, invertebrates

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CHORDATA

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An animal phylum that includes the vertebrates. Has 3 subphyla: urochordata (sea squirts), cephlochordata (lancelets), vertebrata. Chordata share 4 characteristics: They have a notochord at some point in life, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, post-anal tail.

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UROCHORDATA

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Consists of little aquatic animals called sea squirts. Larval stage has the four common characteristics. They are filter feeders and tend to live in clusters.

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VERTEBRATA

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Animals with backbones. They have a vertebral column that develops around the notochord, a brain case, living endoskeleton, 2 pairs of appendages, complex digestion, closed circulation with 2, 3, 4 chambered heart. Usually have separate sexes. Cephalized.

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CEPHLOCHORDATA

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Animals that look like little fish but lack paired fins, a heart and jaw. They have the four shared characteristics of chordata as adults. Ex: branchiostoma, amphioxus

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4 CHARACTERISTICS OF CHORDATA

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They have a notochord at some point in life, a dorsal hallow nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, post-anal tail.

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SPONGES

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Phylum Porifera are the most primitive animals, they are mostly marine and mostly sessile. They have a motile larval stage. Sponges have spicules that give them form and shape. They are filter feeders with no tissues. Most are hermaphroditic (asexual).

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PHYLUM CNIDARIAN

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Mostly marine with cnidocytes (cells with nematocysts to ensnare and sting prey). Their digestive system has one opening called the gastrovascular cavity. They have two tissue layers (epidermis, inner gastrodermis). Nerve net, 2 body forms (polyp, medusa). Alternate between sexual and asexual. 3 classes (hydra, jellyfish, corals)

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HYDROZOA

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Hydrozoa are tiny predators. They have no polyp stage (unlike jellyfish), and they have a diffuse nervous system (nerve map).

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SCYPHOZOA

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Includes jellyfish, which have cnidocytes.

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ANTHOZOA

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Include corals. They make up huge colonies and ecosystems. They have no medusa stage, but do have a polyp stage.

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CNIDOCYTES

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Unique cells with nematocysts, which may discharge to ensnare and sting prey.

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NEMATOCYSTS

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The stinging part of jellyfish.

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MEDUSA STAGE

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One of the two body types that occur in cnidarians. The typical form of a jellyfish, which is bell/umbrella shaped.

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POLYP STAGE

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One of the two body types that occur in cnidarians that is sessile.

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CEPHALIZATION

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The differentiation of the anterior part of an organism into a head, accompanied by a brain (nervous tissue).

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SYMMETRY

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Repetition of body parts in an orderly fashion.

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RADIAL SYMMETRY

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Body parts are arranged around a central axis. Starfish have radial symmetry.

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PENTARADIAL SYMMETRY

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A pattern of five petals spreading from the center. Sand dollars are pentaradial.

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BILATERAL SYMMETRY

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Animals that are divided by one plane of symmetry. Includes a the vast majority of animals: mammals, amphibians, reptiles, fishes.

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HERMAPHRODITE

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Hermaphroditic animals have both male and female reproductive organs. They are usualy parasitic and slow-moving or sessile. Ex: flowering plants, worms, snails, slugs.

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ASEXUAL

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Nonsexual reproduction

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PLATYHELMINTHES

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Flatworms including tapeworms and flukes. They are acoelomates that are bilaterally symmetrical. They are cephalized (scolex), and have eye spots. They have 3 tissue layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm. Incomplete digestive tract, and reproduce by fission. They are also able to regenerate lost body parts.

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MOLLUSCA

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1. Largest phylum

2. Include largest invertebrates: giant clam, giant squid

3. Classes: plyplacophora (chitons), gastropoda (snails/slugs), bivalva (clams, muscles, oysters), cephlopoda (octopus, squid, nautilus)

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CHELICERATA

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Arthropods that lack antennae and mandibles. Include horseshoe crabs, spiders, scorpions, ticks and mites.

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ECHINODERMATA

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They are deutorostomes with a complete digestive tract and a well developed coelom. They have poor circulation and are capable of regeneration. Include starfish, sea cucumbers, sand dollar.

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CHONDRICHTHYSES

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Are cartilage fish including sharks, rays, and skates. They have a cartilage skeleton, and placoid scales (like teeth). Phylum chordate.

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AVES

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Aves are birds with feathers and scales on their legs. They have the most efficient respiratory tract of all animals. Aves are endotherms (warm blooded).

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MONOTREMES

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Mammals that lay eggs. Include: duck-billed platypus, echidna.

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MARSUPIALS

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Mammals that have a pouch. Include: kangaroo and koala.

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AGNATHANS

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Chordata that include jawless fish: lampreys, hagfish.

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PLACOID SCALES

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Teeth-like scales found on chondrichthyses.

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PRIMATES

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Mammals that include humans, monkeys, apes and lemurs. Evolved from tree shrews. Suborders are: prosimians (lemurs, lorises) and arthropoids (monkeys, apes, humans)

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PROSIMIANS

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Mammals including: lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers.

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EXOSKELETON

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Rigid envelope that protects and supports the soft tissues of some animals.

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ENDOSKELETON

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An internal skeleton, such as the bony or cartilaginous skeleton of vertebrates.