Bio Week 3

Front 1

Actin

Back 1

Part of cytoskeleton in nucleus

Protein

Front 2

Nucleolus

Back 2

Make rRNA

Front 3

Nucleoid

Back 3

Prokaryote nucleus

DNA condenses but no histones

Front 4

Lysosomes

Back 4

Full of hydrolytic enzymes that can break down any macromolecule

Kept at low PH (5)

Front 5

Mitochondria

Back 5

Extract energy stored in c-c bonds by adding o2

Front 6

Anaerobes

Back 6

Organisms that cnat survive in O2

Front 7

Aerobes

Back 7

Organisms that use Aerobic respiration (use O2)

Front 8

Heterotroph

Back 8

Can't make own nutrients, must eat others

Front 9

Autotrophs

Back 9

Photosynthesis (make own food)

Front 10

Endosymbiont

Back 10

A cell living inside another cell where both benefit

Front 11

Matrix

Back 11

Space inside the inner membrane of mitochondria

Front 12

Chloroplast structure and function

Back 12

Double membrane (like mitochondria)

Thylakoids (made by crazy inner membrane folds)

Grana (stacks of Thylakoids)

Stroma (space inside inner membrane that isn't Grana)

Front 13

Peroxisome

Back 13

Contains specific reaction (2H2O2 = 2H2O + O2)

H2O2 bad, oxidizes things

Front 14

Microtubules

Back 14

Made of two types of tublin (Alpha and Beta)

Very ridged

Mitotic spindles

E.g. centrioles, cilia, flagella

Front 15

Microfilaments (a.k.a actin filaments)

Back 15

Rope like structure

Made of actin

Muscle contractions

Cytosolic streaming

Tracks inside cell

Front 16

Intermediate filaments

Back 16

Help maintain cell shape

Make up nucleous lamina

E.g. keratin (make up hair and nails)

Front 17

Aquaporin

Back 17

Proteins that allow water to freely pass through membrane.

Front 18

Toxicity verse osmosis

Back 18

Toxicity- the ability of the surrounding solution to cause a cell to grain or lose water

Osmosis - water moving down its concentration gradient

Front 19

Hypotonic

Back 19

Causes bloated cell (high concentration inside cell)

Front 20

Hypertonic

Back 20

Cell shrinks (higher concentration outside cell)

Front 21

Turgar pressure

Back 21

Comes from extra water in plants (hypotonic) allows them to stand up

Front 22

4 mechanisms which molecular cross membranes

Back 22

1. Simple diffusion

2. Simple diffusion through channel

3. Facilitated diffusion

4. Active transport (requires energy)

Front 23

2 types of proteins for cross membrane

Back 23

Channel proteins (can go in either direction, diffusion)

Carrierbpeoteins (like enzymes)

Bind to substance, change form to let it through)

Front 24

Sodium potassium pumps

Back 24

3 Na+ out and 2 k+ in

Active transport

Front 25

2 types of stored energy

Back 25

Chemical gradient (different concentration of an uncharged molecule)

Electrochemical gradient (has to do with different charges on either side of membrane)

Front 26

Ecm

Back 26

Extracellular matrix

Connects cells together to form tissues

Front 27

Dermis

Back 27

Under epidermal cells and is mostly ECM

Front 28

Fiberblast

Back 28

Cells that make ECM

Front 29

Proteoglycans

Back 29

Proteins with lots of carbohydrates chains (attract water)

Puffs up with water to form gel like substance

Front 30

Integrains (2 functions)

Back 30

Proteins that cross plasma membrane

Structural - attach to EM proteins and cytoskeleton proteins

Signaling - communication between inside and out

Front 31

Gap junctions

Back 31

Protein pipes that connect cytosol (allows for fast passage, e.g.heart rate)

Front 32

Plasmodesmata

Back 32

Tunnels that connect ALL plant cells

Front 33

Cell walls

Back 33

Made of structural carbohydrates

Resist 3D shape

Front 34

Mosaic (fluid mosaic) made of

Back 34

Phospholipids, other lipids (cholesterol), and associated proteins

Front 35

Why must membrane move

Back 35

Keep permeability (too slow not good)

Keep organized (too fast not good)

Front 36

Things that affect membrane fluidity

Back 36

Temperature

Saturated or unsaturated (hydrophobic tails)

Presence of cholesterol

Front 37

Types of proteins associated with membranes

Back 37

Integral membrane proteins

Transmembrane proteins (alpha helixes go through)

Peripheral proteins (only associate with one side of a membrane)

Front 38

Glycoprotens vrs clycolipids

Back 38

Proteins with chains of surgar

Vrs

Proteins with chains of lipids

Front 39

What causes our blood type?

Back 39

Carbohydrates chains

Front 40

Lipid bilayer let's through

Back 40

Small hydrophobic molecules and h2o

Ions can't get through unless there are transport proteins