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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Functions of DNA
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-store instructions for building proteins
-transmit those instructions from one generation to the next |
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Thomas Hunt Morgan discovered...
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genes are on chromesomes
studied fruit flies |
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Neucleotides are composed of
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-- phosphate group
-- five carbon sugar -- nitrogenous base |
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pyrimidines
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Thymine, cytosine
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Purines
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adenine, guanine
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Chromosomes are made up of...
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Proteins and DNA
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Frederick Griffith
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Conducted an experiment that concluded protein was not the genetic material
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Avery, McCarty, and McLeod determined what?
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Determined that DNA was the genetic material in Griffiths experiment
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Hershey and chase
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Determined that DNA is the genetic material in viruses
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Erwin Chargaff
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-- A = T, T =A; C≡G, G≡C
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Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin
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X-ray crystallography
-- determined that DNA was in the form of a double helix |
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James Watson and Francis crick
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No lab research on their own, assembled a 3-D model of DNA
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Chargaff's rule
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A=T, C≡G
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How many rings pyrimidines have?
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One
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How many rings do purines have?
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Two
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DNA replication
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The process by which a cell copies its DNA
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Three enzymes used in DNA replication:
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helicase, DNA polymerase,DNA ligase
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What does helicase do?
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Unzips the double helix
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What does DNA polymerase do?
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Follows behind the helicase, and adds the daughter nucleotides
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What are Okazaki fragments?
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Fragments made by the DNA polymerase on the lagging strand side
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What does the DNA ligase do?
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It attaches the Okazaki fragments
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What is a replication fork?
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Where the replication starts
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1) Transcription
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The genetic instructions in DNA (the sequence of nitrogenous bases) is copied into a molecule of RNA (a complementary sequence)
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2) translation
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The RNA is split into codons (sequence of three nitrogenous bases) each codon = 1 amino acid
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Nitrogenous bases in RNA
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adenine, guanine, uracil, cytosine
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mRNA
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Single-stranded, carries the genetic instructions to the ribosomes
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tRNA
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Brings in amino acids
has a specific sequence of Atreides bases of three nitrogenous bases called an anti-codon |
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rRNA
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What ribosomes are made of
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What is the start codon?
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AUG
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How are RNA nucleotides different from DNA nucleotides?
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As a rhibose group instead of a deoxy ribose group, and uracil replaces thynine
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What are the stop codons?
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UAA, UGA, UAG
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initiation
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The tRNA with the anti-codon UAC binds to the start codon. The large subunit of the ribosome attaches
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Elongation
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The next tRNA arrives bringing the next amino acid, the first tRNA moves over one slot, and the amino acids form a peptide bond
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Termination
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When the stop codon is reached, a Terminator factor binds to the stop codon but has no amino acid, so the polypeptide is released.
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What are the two types of DNA mutations?
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-based substitution
-base deletion |
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Substitution effect...
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Only one amino acid
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deletion or insertion effects...
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Every any no acid downstream = "frameshift mutation"
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a Bacteriophage is...
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Virus that can affect prokaryotic cells
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Viruses are made of
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Protein (capsid) surrounding the genetic material, (either DNA or RNA)
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Prefix "pro-"
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When virus genes are spliced into your chromosomes
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