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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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summary of photosynthesis
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6CO2 + 12H2O + light
---> C6H12O6 example of catabolism |
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photosynthesis
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energy from light
carry out by photo autotroph takes place in chloroplasts, which are found in the mesophyll Cholroplast -> Stroma -> grana -> thylakoid membrane two step dark and light |
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Light RxN
-cyclic -noncyclic |
in Granna
makes ATP and NADPH in thylokoid membrane cyclic -only photosystem I -No NADPH Only ATP NonCyclic -both Photosystem I and II -both NADPH and ATP formed ATP through photophosphorlation NADPH and O2 through Photolysis |
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Dark RxN
(calvin Cycle) |
in stroma
CO2 is fixed light is not required to power the dark cycle |
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steps in cellular respiration
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Glycolysis
Citric Acid Cycle ETC |
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Glycolysis
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substrate level phosphorylation
anerobic occurs in cytoplasm 1 glucose (6C) --> 2 Pyruvate (3C) result 4ATP -2ATP (used initially) = 2ATP (substrate level phosphorylation) 2NADH = 4 ATP (Oxidative) 1NADH in glycolysis results in 2ATP in ETC bc 1 ATP per NADH is used up when crossing into Mito |
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Fermentation
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Anerobic
If Air is not available after glycolysis Fermentaton occur Pyruvate (3C) + NADH --> ethonal(2C)in yeast + CO2 lactic acid (3C)mussle cell |
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substrate level phosphorylation
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1 glucose= 4 ATP from sub level phos (2 from glycolysis and 2 from TCA)
results in the formation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the direct transfer of a phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) from a reactive intermediate. In cells, it occurs in the cytoplasm (in glycolysis) and the mitochondrial matrix or cytoplasm (in the citric acid cycle) under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. |
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Pyruvate Decarboxylation
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Aerobic
oxidative phosphorylation mitochondria matrix 2 Pyruvate (3c) --> 2 acetyl coa (2C) 2CO2 + 2 NADH |
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oxidative Phosphorylation
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1 glucose
-2 NADH (glycolysis) -2 NADH (pyruvate decarboxylation) -6 NADH (TCA) -2FADH2(TCA) =32 ATP During oxidative phosphorylation electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 — created in glycolysis, fatty acid metabolism and the Krebs cycle — to molecular oxygen. In eukaryotes this is carried out by a series of protein complexes located in the inner mitochondrial membrane called the electron transport chain. Protons |
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Citric Acid Cycle
Kreb Cycle |
aerobic
oxidative phosphorylation occurs in mito matrix 2 Acytyl Coa (2C) --> 4 CO2, 6NADH, 2FADH 2GTP=2ATP |
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ETC
Electron Transport Channel |
Aerobic
oxidative phosphorylation occurs in inner mito membrane 10NADH, 2FADH ---> 34ATP 3ATP/NADH 2ATP/FADH |
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total ATP produced per glucose in euk and pro
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euk 36
pro 38 because they don't have any mito membrane to cross so save 2 ATP(2NADH from glycolysis is worth 4ATP) |
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What is the final electron acceptor in ETC?
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O2
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Anerobic respiration
how many ATP? |
2 ATP per glucose
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fatty acids enter the degradative pathway in form of
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acetyl coA
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fermentation only produece () ATP
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two
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in ETC O2 is () and () is formed
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final e- acceptor
and H2O is formed |
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How do ATP store energy
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as high energy bond created by covalent bond of 3 phosphate to adenosine
hydrolysis of ATP to ADP release inorganic phosphate and 7 kcal of energy |
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how do NADH and FADH2 store energy
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they are reducing agents that carry chemical energy in the form of high potential electrons, which can be trnsfered as hydride ion
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alternate energy source
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carbohydrate 4 cal/gram
fat 9cal/gram protein 4 cal/gram |
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carbohydrate as alternate energy source
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disaccharides (glycogen) are hydrolyzed into monosaccharides and converted into glucose of glycolytic intetmediates
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fats as alternate energy source
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fat stored in adipose tissue as triglyceride and when need, they are hydrolyzed by lipases to fatty acid and glycerol
glycerrol coverted to PGAL and to Aceytal COA and enters TCA cycle |
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protein as alternate energy source
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degrade protein only when carbohydrate and fat is not available. 4 cal/gram
undergo transamination rxn which they lose amino group to form alpha-keto acid and coverted into acetyl coa, pyruvate, one of the intermedite in TCA |
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site of photosynthsis
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mesophyll has cholorplast and stomata
stomata let Co2 in and O2 out and regulated by guard cell choroplast has stroma and granna light rxn happens in granna and dark rxn happens in stroma thylakoid membrane sacs are organized into stacks call grana |
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during the day the envirnment of guard cell is
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hypotonic related to the guard cell cytoplasm
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3 adapations of leave for reduction of water loss
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leave have waxy cuticle which blocks transpiration
stomata (opening to the enviorn) only presented in the bottom guard cells surrounding each of the stomata coordinate their opening and closing |
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six turns of the calvin cycle will produce
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12 PGA from 6Co2
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six turns of the calvin cycle will produce
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12 PGA from 6Co2
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what is cAMP
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it is second messenger triggered after a receptor binds a ligand.
ligand such as hormones and neurotransmitter) will bind their membrane receptor, activating it. thru G protein intermediate, the enzyme adenylate cyclasewill be actvated, and will covert ATP into cAMP. adenylate cylase is attached to the inner layer of the phospholiped bilayer, it is not located in the cytoplasm. cAMP is responsible for carrying the cheical stimulus ito the cytoplasm and triggering response and so is called a 2ndary messenger |
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glycogen
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is a storage polysaccharide sometiems known as animal starch
in liver as high glucose concentration plants do not produce glycogen they have starch highly branched molecule |
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glycogenesis
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glycogen synthesis
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glycogenolysis
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break down of glycogen
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how many ATP are produced from 2 molecules of glucose using oly substrate level phosphorlation
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1 glucose :glycolysis=net 2 ATP, 2 kreb cycle= 2 GTP which is 2 ATP thus
one glucose produce 4 ATP by substrate lvel phosphorltion thus 2 glucose produce 8 ATP by substrate phosphorlation |
