Bio Subject Test 1 And 2"mitosis,miosis"

Front 1

haploid vs diploid

Back 1

hapolid= n = 23 chromosome
-sperm and egg cell

diploid =2n =46

Front 2

cell cycle

Back 2

G1
-synthesis of many protein and organelle
-cell undergo growth in size
-inc in mito and ribosome


S
-DNA synthesis or replication
sister chromatid forms histone and 단백질 복제

G2
-prep for mitosis
more cellular growth

(G1-G2 = interphase cell spends 90% of time)

M
-Mitosis

Front 3

Check Points in cell cycle

Back 3

G1 CP
-is cell big enough
-is enviornment favorable
-determine whether cell cycle start or not

G2 CP
-is all DNA replicated
-is environmental favorable
-is cell big enough

Miotic CP (after metaphase)
-are all chromosome alligned on spindle

Front 4

interphase

Back 4

G1, S, G2

each chromosome is replicated
-chromosome consist of sister chrometid
-during interphase individual chromosome are not visble
-DNA is uncoiled and called chromatid

Front 5

Mitosis

Back 5

example of asexual reproduction

no genetic mixing

PMAT

DNA replicates and mitosis occur

Front 6

Mitosis

prophase

Back 6

nucleoli begain to disappear, nuclear membrane disappear and spindle apparatus and chromosome forms

Front 7

Mitosis

Metaphase

Back 7

chromosome (sister chromatid) move to metaphase plate

Front 8

mitosis

Anaphase

Back 8

sister chromatid seperate
after seperation, they are called daughter chromosome

Front 9

mitosis

telophase

Back 9

nuclear mem. reforming
nucleoli reappearing
spindle fiber disappear (reused in making of exokeletal)
cytokinesis take place

Front 10

Cytokinesis

Back 10

in animal
--contracting ring of microfilament (actin / myosin)

-cleavage furrow

In animal
-vesile from golgi form in the center
-cescile connect together to form cell plate

Front 11

Meiosis

Back 11

only in reproductive cell

produce daughter cell call gametes

염색체수를 46개에서 23개로 됀 sperm or egg 를 만든다

Meiosis I
-interphase I
-PMAT I

Meiosis II
-analogous to mitosis at the end there will be 4 haploid cell which are different frmo parent sells with single stranded chromosome

(in mitosis produce identical cell)

Front 12

Meiosis

Prophase I

Back 12

centremere replicate

1. leptotine
-chromatid 응집, become chromosome

2. zygotene
-2 chromosome becomes tetrad (XX) homologus chromosome

3. Pechytene
-crossing over happens

4. diplotene
-chiasma is seen

5. diakinesis
-homologus chromosome Cross over 분리단계

Front 13

Meiosis

Metaphase I

Back 13

spindle fiber 가 centeremre 에 부착(--XX--)

in mitosis (--X--)

Front 14

Meiosis

Anapahse I

Back 14

seperation of homologus chromosome
(disjuction)

law of segregation + independent assortment

Front 15

Mitosis vs Meiosis

Back 15

Mitosis
- 2N -> 2N
-occurs in all dividing cell
-homologus chromosomes don't pair up
-daughter cell identical to parent cell

Meiosis
-2N -> 1N
-occurs only in sex ells only
-homologus chromosomes pair up at the metaphse plate forming tetrads
-crossing over occur
-daughter cell different from parent cell

Front 16

Type of asexual reproduction
w/o fertilization

Back 16

budding
Binary fission
parthenogensis

Front 17

Budding

Back 17

occurs in yeast and hydra
(unequal cytokineisis)

budding is different from binary fission bc it involves unevencytokinesis

Front 18

binary fission occurs to which organism?

Back 18

occur in bacteria, amoeba, paramecia, algae

Front 19

parthenogensis

Back 19

development of egg w/o fertilization
ex. bee

Front 20

Regeneration

Back 20

regrwoth of a lost or injured body part

replacement of cell occur by mitosis

Front 21

Oogenesis

description

Back 21

egg undergoes a single mitotic division. this produce 2 oocyte once a month during ovualaton,

follicle ruptures releasing the oocyte.

egg move thru oviduct or faalopian tube.

Front 22

Oogenesis

diagram

Back 22

Oogonium (2N)
--->
Primary Oocyte (2N)

---> Meiosis I

Secondary Oocyte (egg) and first polar body

---> Meiosis II (only 2 Oocyte)

Ovum (1N) and second polar body

Front 23

Polar body

Back 23

small cell that contains little more than the nucleus

rapidly degenerate

Front 24

female gonads (overies) produce ??

Back 24

Oocyte

Front 25

Spermatogenesis

Back 25

occurs in seminiferous tubles

spermatogonium (2N)
--->
Primary spermatocyte (2N)

--->Meiosis I

secondary spermatocytes (n)

---> Meiosis II

Sperm cell (N)

Front 26

testes produce what??

Back 26

gametes, testastrone

Front 27

Male reproductive Track

Back 27

seminiferous tubles
epididymis
vAS DEFERENCES
ejeculatory tubules


Urethra
tip of penius

Hint 27

SEVEN UP

Front 28

Testes

Back 28

seminiferous tubules, epidimis and interstitial cells

Front 29

epididymis

Back 29

sperm storage and maturation
(in testes)

Front 30

vas deferens

Back 30

transport of sperm to the urethra

Front 31

three sets of glands contribute to semen

Back 31

seminila vesicles
prostate gland (secret alkaline fluid)

bulbourethral glands

Front 32

Ovaries

Back 32

production of germ cells

Front 33

falopian tubes (oviduct)

Back 33

have cilia, which propel ovum to the uterus

fertilization happens here

Front 34

uterus

Back 34

endometrium and myometrium
implantation and development of blastula

Front 35

vagina

Back 35

reproductive track

Front 36

CROSS OVER

Back 36

Chromosomal crossover refers to the process by which two chromosomes, paired up during prophase 1 of meiosis, exchange some portion of their DNA. Crossing over is specifically initiated in zygotene, before the synaptonemal complex develops, and is not completed until near the end of prophase 1.(CR appears occurs in pechytee) Crossover usually occurs when matching regions on matching chromosomes break and then reconnect to the other chromosome. The result of this process is an exchange of genes, called genetic recombination.

Front 37

seminal vesicles

Back 37

gland from bladder
정자에 영향분 공급.

Front 38

prostate gland

Back 38

secretes alkaline fluid
소변으로 산성화돈걸 중화

Front 39

bulbourethral glands

Back 39

성교시 작으니 양의액체를 요도로 분비, 액체는 정자가 요도를 움직이는 동안 윤할유역활을 한다

Front 40

binary fission

Back 40

occur in bacteria

equal division

Front 41

budding

Back 41

occurs in yest

replication followed by unequal cytokinesis

smaller in size but genetically identical to the parent cell.

Front 42

parthenogensis

Back 42

development of gee without fertilization

ex bee and ants
male develop from unfertilized eggs while the worker bees and queen bees develop from fertilized egg

Front 43

lepotine

Back 43

1st stage of prophase I in meiosis

chromatid 응집 become chromosome

Front 44

zygotene

Back 44

2nd stage of prophase I in meiosis

become tetrad

Front 45

pechytene

Back 45

3rd stage of prophase I in meiosis

crossing over happens here

Front 46

diplotene

Back 46

4th stage of prophase I in meiosis

chiasma is seen

Front 47

diakinesis

Back 47

5th and final stage of prophase I in meiosis

homogus chromosome cross over분리 단게

Front 48

upon, ovulation, the oocyte is released into the?

Back 48

abdominal cavity

the ruptured ovarian follicle releases an oocyte into the abdominal cavity, close to the entrance of the fallopian tube. with the aid of beating cilia, the oocyte is drawn into the fallopian tube.

it it is fertilzed (in fallopian tube), it(blastula) will implant in the uterine wall, it not it will be expelled along with the uterine lining during menstruation

Front 49

three way in which sexual reporduction promotes genetic variability

Back 49

random fertilization
crossing over btw tetrad
independent assortment of tetrad

Front 50

independent assortment of chromosome inc genetic varibility how?

Back 50

duing metapahse I tetrad randomely align at the metaphase plate, the randome positioning of the tetrad determins which chromosomes are pulled toward each pole of the cell during anaphase

Front 51

the chromosome number of offspring produced via parthnogenesis is?

Back 51

haploid

Front 52

folicular phase

Back 52

folicle mature

FSH promotes developmet of the folliclewhich grows and secrete estrogen

Front 53

ovulation

Back 53

follicle burst and release ovum
caused by surge in LH and part by peak in estrogen level

Front 54

luteal phase

Back 54

ruptured follicle becomes corpus luteum and secretes estrogen and progesterone to build up uterine lining in preparation for implantation

LH and FSH inhibited

Front 55

menstration

Back 55

if fertilization doesn't occur, corpus luteum atrohies(weaken), cuase drop in progesterone and estrogen level and cause the edometrium to slough off

LH and FSH begain to raise

Front 56

FSH promotes?

Back 56

development of follicles in (follicular phase)

Front 57

LH and estrogen level peak results in?

Back 57

follicle burst and release ovum (ovulation)

Front 58

corpus leutum secretes

Back 58

estrogen and progesteron to build uterine lining for implemantation (leuteal phase)

Front 59

drop in progesteron and estroen

Back 59

cause endometrium to slough off if fertilization does not take place (menstration)