Bio Part 2

Front 1

Using light to make food

Back 1

Photosynthesis

Front 2

______ in plant cells capture light energy from the sun

Back 2

Chloroplasts

Front 3

Almost all ______ are dependent on plants for raw materials and organic fuel

Back 3

Heterotrophs

Front 4

What do "self feeding" photoautotrophs require from the environment to make their own food?

Back 4

Water, light and CO2

Front 5

Are chloroplasys only found in leaves?

Back 5

No. All the green parts of the plant contain chloroplasts

Front 6

The leaf's green color comes from ____.

Back 6

Chlorophyll

Front 7

Chlorophyll

Back 7

A light absorbing pigment in chloroplasts.

Front 8

Chloroplasts are concentrated in the cells of ____.

Back 8

Mesophyll

Front 9

Stomata

Back 9

Tiny pores where CO2 enter and O2 exit.

Front 10

How is water delivered from the roots to the leaves?

Back 10

Through veins

Front 11

How do reactant molecules of photosynthesis reach the chloroplasts in the leaves?

Back 11

CO2 enters through the stomata, water travels to the leaves through the veins

Front 12

What was Van Neil's hypothesis on where the product oxygen gas comes from?

Back 12

It was the H20 that was splitted, with hydrogen becoming incorporated in sugar and oxygen released as gas.

Front 13

Van Niel's hypothesis was confirmed using ____.

Back 13

Heavu isotope of oxygen O-18

Front 14

Explain the experiment of Melvin Calvin using the radioactive C-14.

Back 14

He and his colleagues used the radioactive C-14 to trace the sequence of intermediate molecules formed in the cyclic pathway that produces sugar from CO2

Front 15

In photosynthesis, where does the huge amount of carbohydrate come from?

Back 15

CO2

Front 16

Which reactant reduces and oxidizes during photosynthesis?

Back 16

CO2 is reduced and Water is oxidized.

Front 17

What are the 2 stages of photosynthesis?

Back 17

Light Dependent reactions and calvin cycle

Front 18

For chloroplasts to produce sugar from CO2 in the dark, they would need to be supplied with ____ and ____ .

Back 18

ATP and NADPH

Front 19

A type of energy called electromagnetic energy or radiation.

Back 19

Sunlight

Front 20

Light behaves as discreet packets of energy called ___.

Back 20

Photons

Front 21

A photon has a ____ quantity of energy. The _____ wavelength, the ____ the energy of its photons.

Back 21

Fixed

shorter

Greater

Front 22

Light absorbing molecules

Back 22

Pigments

Front 23

What color of light is least effective in driving photosynthesis? Explain.

Back 23

Green because the leaves absorb all colors except green. It reflects green light

Front 24

Chloroplasts also contain pigments called ______ which are various shades of yellow and orange.

Back 24

Carotenoids

Front 25

What happens when a pigment molecule absorbs a proton?

Back 25

One of the pigments electrons go into an excited state where the electron jumps into an energy farther from the nucleus.

Front 26

What is released when the electron (in excited state) falls back to the ground state?

Back 26

Heat and light

Front 27

A photosystem contains what complexes?

Back 27

1. A reaction center complex

2. Light harvesting complexes

Front 28

Explain the energy capturing mechanism in the photosystem.

Back 28

Light energy is harvested by the light-harvesting complex. The energy is then passed through pigment molecules to a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules where the electron goes into an excited state. Before it could fall back to the ground state, it is captured by an electron acceptor (reaction-center complex).

Front 29

2 kinds of photosystem

Back 29

Photosystem I and II

Front 30

Compared with a solution of isolated chlorophyll, why do intact chloroplasts not release heat and light when illuminated?

Back 30

Intact chloroplasts contain the electron acceptor preventing the electron (in the excited state) to fall back to the ground state. Hence, it does not release heat and light.

Front 31

Process of cell reproduction

Back 31

Cell division

Front 32

Describe the "daughter" cells in cell division

Back 32

The 2 daughter cells are genetically identical to each other and the parent cell.

Front 33

How is it possible for the daughter cells to be genetically identical to the parent cell?

Back 33

Before the parent cell splits into two it duplicates its chromosomes, the structure that contain most of the cell’s genetic information in the form of DNA.

Front 34

Many single-celled organisms such as prokaryotes or eukaryotic yeast cells reproduce by dividing in half, and offspring are genetic replicas. What type of reproduction is this?

Back 34

Asexual reproduction

Front 35

Asexual Reproduction

Back 35

The creation of genetically identical offspring by a single parent , without the participation of sperm and egg.

Front 36

Group of genetically identical individuals which are off springs of asexual reproduction?

Back 36

Clones

Front 37

Sexual Reproduction

Back 37

Requires the fusion of gametes, egg and sperm

Front 38

The production of particular gametes require a particular type of division that occurs only in ___________.

Back 38

Sexual Reproduction

Front 39

A ______ has only half as many chromosomes as the parent cell that gave rise to it, and these chromosomes contain unique combination of genes.

Back 39

Gamete

Front 40

It enables sexually reproducing organisms to develop from a single cell into an adult organism.

Back 40

Cell Division

Front 41

After an organisms is fully grown, does cell division stop?

Back 41

No. It continues to function in renewal and repair.

Front 42

What function does cell division play in amoeba (as single celled protist)?

Back 42

It is involved in its reproduction.

Front 43

What functions does cell division play in your body?

Back 43

Repair and renewal of cells

Front 44

Prokaryotes reproduce by a type of cell division called ____.

Back 44

Binary Fission

Front 45

Describe the difference in the number of DNA molecule in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Back 45

In prokaryotes, most genes are carried in one circular DNA molecule. While eukaryotes have multiple.

Front 46

Why is binary fission classified as asexual reproduction?

Back 46

Because it does not involve the fussion of 2 gametes.

Front 47

Almost all the genes in the cell of humans, and in all other eukaryotes are found in the ______ where they are grouped into multiple ________.

Back 47

Nucleus, chromosomes