Bio Definitions (Part 2)

Front 1

Genetics

Back 1

Study of heredity

Front 2

Gregor Mendel

Back 2

Discovered basic principles of heredity (pea pods)

Front 3

Dominant

Back 3

Uppercase

Front 4

Recessive

Back 4

Lowercase

Front 5

Law of segregation

Back 5

during the production of gametes the two copies of each hereditary factor segregate so that offspring acquire one factor from each parent

Front 6

Heterozygous

Back 6

Ex: Bb

Front 7

Homozygous

Back 7

Ex: bb

Front 8

Alleles

Back 8

Different forms of a gene (can be dominant or recessive)

Front 9

Genotype

Back 9

the genetic constitution of an individual organism

Front 10

Phenotype

Back 10

Set of observable characteristics of an individual

Front 11

Parentals

Back 11

First set of parents crossed

Front 12

Principle of dominance

Back 12

Offspring express dominant trait

Front 13

Monohybrid cross

Back 13

Between one trait

Ex: Bb × bb

Front 14

Dihybrid cross

Back 14

Between 2 traits

Ex: BbGG × bbGg

Front 15

Gamete

Back 15

contains only a single (haploid) set of chromosomes

Front 16

Incomplete dominance

Back 16

Offspring have blend of 2 traits

Ex: red × white= pink flower

Front 17

Co-dominance

Back 17

Offspring show both parental traits

Ex: red × white = mixed flower

Front 18

Law of independent assortment

Back 18

States when gametes r formed, homologous chromosomes must separate

Front 19

Mitosis

Back 19

Cell division to make 2 identical cells

Front 20

Meiosis

Back 20

Produces 4 gamete cells (sexual)

Front 21

Somatic cell

Back 21

any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells

Front 22

Chromosome

Back 22

carrying genetic information in the form of genes (in nucleus)

Front 23

Cell plate

Back 23

(in plant cells) a plate that develops during cytokinesis

Front 24

Diploid

Back 24

2 sets of chromosomes (2n)

Front 25

Haploid

Back 25

One set of chromosomes (n)

Front 26

Centrioles

Back 26

involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division (animal cells)

Front 27

Tetrad

Back 27

four-part structure that forms during prophase I of meiosis (consists of 2 homologous chromosomes, each composed of 2 identical chromatids)

Front 28

Crossing over

Back 28

exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring

Front 29

Random assortment

Back 29

Each sperm and egg will have different chromosome assortments

Front 30

Homologous chromosomes

Back 30

The cell has two sets of eachchromosome; one of the pair is derived from the mother and the other from the father

Front 31

Non-disjunction

Back 31

failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly during cell division

Front 32

Sister chromatids

Back 32

"One half" of the duplicated chromosome

Front 33

Deoxyribose sugar

Back 33

Found in RNA and DNA

Front 34

Phosphate

Back 34

Phosphate backbone forms the frame work for nucleic acids (DNA)

Front 35

4 nitrogen bases

Back 35

1. Adenine

2. Guanine

3. Cytosine

4. Thymine

Front 36

Double helix

Back 36

The shape DNA makes

Front 37

Nucleotide

Back 37

Building blocks of nucleic acids

Front 38

Complementary base pairing

Back 38

C + G

A + T

Front 39

Sex-linked trait

Back 39

Gene found on the X chromosome not the Y

Front 40

Polygenic inheritance

Back 40

one characteristic is controlled by two or more genes

Front 41

Tay-Sachs disease

Back 41

fatal genetic disorder that causes progressive damage to the nervous system

Front 42

PKU (phenylketonuria)

Back 42

results in decreased metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine

Front 43

Albinism

Back 43

Genetic condition resulting in absence of pigment in the skin, hair and eyes

Front 44

Sickle-cell anemia

Back 44

a mutated form of hemoglobin distorts the red blood cells into a crescent shape at low oxygen levels.

Front 45

Progeria

Back 45

accelerated aging in children (extremely rare genetic condition)

Front 46

Huntington's disease

Back 46

progressive brain disorder that causes uncontrolled movements, emotional problems , and loss of brain cells

Front 47

FH

Back 47

is an autosomal dominant genetic disease

Front 48

Cloning

Back 48

organisms that are exact genetic copies. Every single bit of their DNA is identical

Front 49

Karyotype

Back 49

a test to identify and evaluate the size, shape, and number of chromosomes in a sample of body cells

Front 50

Pedigree

Back 50

a diagram that shows the phenotypes of a particular gene or organism and its ancestors from one generation to the next

Front 51

Mutations

Back 51

when a DNA gene is damaged or changed in such a way as to alter the genetic message carried by that gene

Front 52

Genetic counseling

Back 52

Seeking help from a genetics counselor about possible or current genetic conditions

Front 53

Pre implantation diagnosis

Back 53

procedure used prior to implantation to help identify geneticdefects within embryos