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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hemoglobin
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Made up of CHON (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen)
Dominated by Alpa Helices Hydrogen Bonds are needed to keep the alpha helices together |
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Heme Group
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no composed of amino acids, instead they are composed of and Fe atom
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Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic amino acids in hemoglobin
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Hydrophilic- on surface of hemoglobin
Hydrophobic- middle of the molecule |
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Antibody
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made of two chains heavy and light
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Number of immunoglobulin domains make up the light chains and the heavy chains
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each have two domains
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Immunoglobulin Structure
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made up of beta sheets
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Disulfide Bond
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sulfur forms this bond from the amino acid side chain
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Antibodies are...
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glycoproteins- they have associated carbohydrate groups
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Antigen binding sites on antibodies
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- on the tips of the Y
- two identical antigen binding paratopes |
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How many sialic acids bind to a single hemagglutinin protein and what protein secondary structure predominates in the region where this binding takes place?
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3 sialic acids bind to single hemagglutinin protein on a beta secondary structure of the hemagglutinin
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Hydrogen bonds is formed between...
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Arg side chains and sialic acid
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Chi Square Test
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X^2 = Sum of (obs-exp)^2 / exp
observed is what you found in the experiment degrees of freedom is one less than the number of categories you had Appropriate to use to compare data from one sample to a hypothesis about the example ex. testing that hypothesis that 20 percent of people are left-handed or that the sex ration at birth is 50/50 |
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T test
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used to compare data for two different samples
ex. comparing heartbeat rates of two samples of mice that did and did not recieve a drug or lifespan of males versus female If the test statistic t from your data is larger than the critical value of t in Table 2, then you reject your "no-difference" hypothesis and conclude that the two samples were significantly different. If your t is smaller than the critical t, you must accept the "no-difference" hypothesis and conclude that the two samples were not significantly different from each other. |
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Space between the atoms in DNA
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very small
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Codons
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made of 3 nucleotides
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Transduction
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DNA is transferred form one prokaryotic cell to another as a consequence of rare formation of an aberrant phage viron in some or all of its normal DNA is replaced by bacterial DNA
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Conjugation
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genetic exchange occurs between cells in direct contact with one another by a process encoded by plasmid-borne genes
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Transformation
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DNA is released from cells into the surrounding medium and recipient cells incorporate it into themselves from solution
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Thymus
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home to lymphocytes and macrophages (white blood cell that engulfs other cells)
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Spleen
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blood filter
destroys aged or damaged blood cells |
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Lymph Node
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lymph draining back to the bloodstream is filtered as it passes through the node
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Bone Marrow
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Hematopoiesis- process by which various blood cells types develop from precursor cells
site for removal of aged and defective erythrocytes (red blood cells) |
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Leukocyte
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white blood cell
Neutrophil- fight bacterial/viral infection Lymphocytes- made up of antibody secreting B cells and T helper and T Killer cells Monocytes- Fight parasitic infection Basophils- Important in allergic responses STUDY PICTURES OF EACH CELL |
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Erythrocytes
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red blood cells
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Immunoflourescent (IMF)
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involves the use of flourescently tagged antibodies to stain specific proteins that are then viewed on a flourescent microscope
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Agglutination
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with blood type testing this means that the specific antibody is binding to its antigen on your red blood cells and therefore cross-linking the red blood cells into clumps (recall that antibodies have two identical antigen binding sites)
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PCR
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mass replication of a sequence of DNA
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Gram Positive Bacteria
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Purple/ blue
thick peptidoglycan layer |
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Gram Negative Bacteria
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Red/pink
thin peptidoglycan layer |
