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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The general and microscopic anatomy of the lungs and their role in
homeostasis. |
Regulates gas exchange; maintains oxygen and carbon dioxide level in blood;
bronchioles-tubular pathways through which air reaches the air space alveoli- air spaces pulmonary capillaries rich network of tiny blood vessels |
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The general anatomy of the liver and its function in homeostasis.
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Hepatic cells- cells of the liver
Two lobes right lobe larger than left hepatic vein- blood vessel that transports O2 poor blood out of the liver to the inferior vena cava branch of hepatic artery- blood vessel that transports blood containing nutrients from the intestines to the liver bile duct- the passageway for bile going to the gallbladder Liver produces urea getting rid of waste in the body |
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How to trace the path of blood from the intestines, through the liver, and
to the heart |
branch of hepatic portal vein -> branch of hepatic artery -> hepatic vein
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The general anatomy of the kidneys and their role in homeostasis
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renal cortex- a granular region
renal medulla- contians the renal pyramids renal pelvis- where urine collects nepheron kidneys- process urine, maintain blood volume and pH |
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The three steps of urine formation
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glomerular filteration: blood pressure forces small molecules into the glomerulus capsule
tubular reabsorption: nutrient molecules and water in the nephron filtrate are returned to blood tubular secretion: waste molecules remaining in the blood after glomerular filtration are moved onto the nephron |
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How molecules are exchanged across a capillary wall and the mechanisms
involved in this exchange. |
blood pressure causes water to exit from the arterial side of the capilary and osmotic pressure causes water the enter the venous side of the capillary.
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homeostasis
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dynamic equlibruim of the body's internal envirnment
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loop of henle
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creates a concentration gradient in the medulla of the kidney
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The parts of a dissecting and compound microscope and their functions
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ocular
objective course focus adjustment fine focus adjustment iris diaphram illuminator |
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The differences between dissecting and compound microscopes in terms of
their magnification, resolution, field of view, working distance, and applications |
manification smaller in dissecting
resolution smaller in dissecting size of field of view and depth of field larger in disecting |
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resolution
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the ability to distinguish between two points
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field of view
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area that you can see through the ocular and objective
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How to calculate Total Magnification from Objective and Ocular
Magnification |
magtotal=magocu x magobj
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How to calculate Field of View Area from Field of View Diameter
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FOVlow x MAGlow= FOVhi x MAGhi
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working distance
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larger in dissecting microscope
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The difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
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prokaryotes: no nucleus, mitochondira or chloroplasts; gentic material not membrane bond; large surface area to volume ratio
eukaryotes:complex structures enclosed with membranes; nucleus |
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The structures characteristic of prokaryotes and eukaryotes, respectively
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prokaryotes: not membrane bond
eukaryotes:membrane bond |
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The differences between plant and animal cells in terms of the
characteristic structures discussed in lab. |
no cell wall or vacuoles in animal cells
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-ribosomes
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protein synthesis
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-cyanobacteria
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largest prokaryote aka blue-green algae
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-thylakoids
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photosynthesis occurs here
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-mitochondria
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energy storage
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-vacuole
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stores waste products, organic and inorganic molecules, water and enzymes
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-nucleolus
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contains DNA
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-plasmodesmata
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connect adjacent cells
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What determines a substance’s direction and rate of diffusion.
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concentration gradient
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How to determine the direction and relative rates of diffusion of molecules
of different size. |
concentration gradient and permeablity of membrane
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How to determine the direction and rate of osmosis into and out of cells in
hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic environments |
depends primarily on the concentration gradient between the two areas
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The difference between independent and dependent variables and where
each should be graphed |
x-axis:independent
y-axis:dependent |
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differentially permeable
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allowing some molecules to pass while regarding others
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-polar molecules
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positively and negatively charged areas
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-nonpolar molecules
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have no local areas of charge
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-osmosis
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the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane
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-solution
-solvent -solute |
solvent:a liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances
solute: the dissolved matter in a solution |
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-hypertonic
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(diluted) cell gains H2O through osmosis
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-hypotonic
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(concentrated) cell loses H2O through osmosis
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-isotonic
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no net movement of H2O or solutes
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-lysis
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destruction of cells by influx of H2O
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-hemolysis
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destruction of RBCs
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-plasmolysis
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shrinking of the cytoplasm of a plant cell in reponse to diffusion of water out of the cell and onto hypertonic solution surrounding the cell
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The difference between karyokinesis and cytokinesis
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karyokinesis os the replication of DNA and cytokinesis is the actual division of the cytoplasm into two new cells
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interphase
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cell has passed through the restriction chekpoint ans completed DNA replication
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-prophase
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chromo condense and vecome visible nuclear envelope and nucleolus disperse
spindle apparatus forms |
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-metaphase
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chromo align along equator
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-anaphase
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sister chromotids separate to opposite poles of cell
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-telophase
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nuclear envelope begin to reassemble around 2 daugther nuclei
chromo decondense spindles disappear |
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-nuclear envelope
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contains outer and inner membrane in eukaryotic cells
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-cleavage furrow
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invagination of the cell surface that dictates where cytokinesis will occur
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-daughter cells
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products of cell division
with same DNA and function |
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-centromere
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where chromatids join
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-chromosome
-chromatid |
chromosomes-organized structure of DNA and protein that is found in cells
chromatid: one of two identical strands into which a chromosome splits during mitosis |
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-centriole
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two poles of cell
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-microtubule
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small tubes made of protein and found in cells and is part of the cytoskeleton
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The difference between primary research articles and scientific review
articles. (2) How to find a review article using the online tools at the ASU library. |
rewt
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biotechnology
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the use if biological and engineering techniques on living organisms or associated living processes
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genetic engineering
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process of manipulating the DNA, or genetic material of an organism often to include DNA from foreign organisms
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The benefits of using E. coli as a model organism.
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size production and safety
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How transformation occurs
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bacteria take up the plasmid from the surrounding environment through cell wall
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What enzymes are and what their function is.
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organic catalyte tht speeds up reactions
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-active site
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location where enzyme and substrate form an enzyme-substrate complex; reaction occurs here
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substrate
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reactants in an enzymatic chemical reaction
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degradative reaction
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substrate is brokendown to products
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synthetic reaction
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substrates are joined to form products
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The effect of temperature, pH, and enzyme/substrate concentration on an
enzymatic reaction |
temp: too much will denature enzyme
concentration: more catalyse will speed up reaction pH: neutral is best |
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electroporation
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short bursts of current psdd through the cell causing the cell membrane to become temporarily porous allowing plasmids to enter
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chemical tranformation
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uses chemical solutions and heat to alter the state of the membrane, allowing the plasmid into the cell
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fermentation reaction
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C6H12O6->2 CO2 + 2 C2H5OH + 2 ATP
GLUCOSE->CARBON DIOXIDE + ETHANOL + ATP |
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aerobic cellular respiration reaction
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C6H12O6->2 CO2 + 6 H2O + 36-38 ATP
GLUCOSE + OXYGEN->CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER + ATP |
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How oxygen utilization is related to fermentation and aerobic cellular
respiration. |
no oxygen present in fermentation
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Which sugars are most easily utilized by the human body and why these
sugars are more easily utilized. |
glucose, frutose then sucrose
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How germinating soybeans affected the experiment on aerobic cellular
respiration |
water receded because of the moisture which came from the beans
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fermentation
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glucose is completely broken down and much energy remains in organic molecule that results. small amounts of chemical energy is converted to ATP
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-aerobic cellular respiration
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glucose is completely broken down into inorganis molecules. large amounts of chemical energy converted to ATP for use by the cell
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respirometer
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device for measuring amount of gasgiven off or consumed
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formula for photosynthesis
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CO2 + H2O -> CH2O + O2
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light dependent reactions
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releases O2 produces ATP
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light independent reactions
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reduces CO2 utalizes ATP convert to sugar
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How chromatography can be used to separate plant pigments
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separates molecules frokm each other on the basis of their olubility in particular solvents
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How different colors of light affect the rate of photosynthesis
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white light is the best chlorophylls absorb blue light the best and green the least
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How carbon dioxide, oxygen, water, and solar radiation are related to the
process of photosynthesis. |
the hydrogen ions are released when carbonic acid forms
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relationship between photosynthesis and aerobic cellular respiration.
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they are oppposite of each other
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-chlorophyll a
-chlorophyll b -betacarotene -xanthophylls |
transfer the energy they absorb to chlorophyll a for use in photosynthesis
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central nervous system
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brain and spinal cord
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peripheral nervous system
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cranial nerves that take nerve impulses to and from the brain and spinal neves that take nerve impulses to and from the spinal cord
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cerebrum
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highest level of the brain, responsible for sensation
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cerebellum
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coordinates equilibrium and motor activity to produce smooth movements
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frontal lobe
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motor function...thinking and problem solving
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parietal lobe
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info from sensory receptors and speech
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occipital lobe
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visual input
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temporal lobe
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hearing and smelling
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retina
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rods (B & W) and cones (color)
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lens
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refracts, forcuses light rays
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optic nerve
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blind spot
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fovea
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high sensitivity
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The differences between/similarities among human and sheep brains
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similarities:contain similar structure and four lobes
differences:human brain stem is vertical and sheeps is horizontal and the human brain is larger |
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sensory neuron
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transmits senses
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interneuron
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connects sensory neuron to motor neuron lies completely within the spinal cord
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motor neuron
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controls muscles impulses to effector
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gray matter
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butterfly shaped area which includes interneurons and motor neurons
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white matter
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carry impulses up and down the spinal cord
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reflex
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tug on tendon causing movement of bone opposite the joint
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cillary body
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holds lens in place
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tympanic membrane
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amplify sound waves
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dermis
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contains sensory receptors
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The cause of the typical heart sounds (i.e., “dub” and “lub”)
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lub made by mitral and tricuspid valves closing when the ventricales start to contract
dub made by the pulmonary and aortic valves closing after the ventricles have contracted |
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layers of artery and vein
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connective tissue
smooth muscle elastis layer endothelium |
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layer of capillaries
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endothelium
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systolic
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pressure when blood leaves the heart
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diastolic
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pressue when the heart is relaxed
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