Bio Lab Exam Ii

Front 1

taxis

Back 1

refers to the act of orenting towards some xternal stimulus or combnation of stimuli

Front 2

different types of taxis

Back 2

phototaxis - light
chemotaxis - smell
phonotaxis - sound
geotaxis - gravity

Front 3

it is positive taxis if

Back 3

the orientation is toward the source

Front 4

it is a negative taxis if

Back 4

the orientation is away from the source

Front 5

kinesis refers to

Back 5

non-directional orienting reactions in the presence of a particular sensory stimulus

Front 6

sows bugs are in the class and order of

Back 6

crustacea / isopoda

Front 7

describe sowbugs

Back 7

group to about 14 mm long, range in color from gray to dark brown, live in damp, dark decaying plant material under logs, leaf piles and rocks, 7 pairs of legs, covered in overlapping plates

Front 8

2 ways in which sow bugs and pill bugs differ

Back 8

1. sow bugs have 2 tail like appendages protruding from their abdomen
2. the plates of the pillbug are articulated enough to allow the animals to curl into a ball/ sow bug can curl into a C at best

Front 9

mazes are often used in study

Back 9

animal movement, learning and choice behavior

Front 10

types of mazes include

Back 10

T maze - used to study handedness or taxis, photo taxis can be studied here
L T maze - used to study directionality of alking

Front 11

in mazes what does S, D, F stand for

Back 11

S - starting point
F - forced turn
D - decision point

Front 12

parts of a research report

Back 12

title
abstract
introduction
materials and methods
results
discussion
literature cited

Front 13

types of tropical plants

Back 13

1. tree furn ( Alsophila cooperi) - Pterophyta
2. Paper Flower ( Bougainvillea glabra) - Anthophyta
3. Staghorn fern (Platycerum sp.) - Pterophyta
4. Banyan Tree ( Fiscus benghalensis) - Anthophyta
5. Banana ( Musa cavendishii) - Anthophyta
6. tree philodendron ( Philodendron eichieri) - Anthophyta
7. rabbit's foot fern ( Polypodium aureum) - Pterophyta

Front 14

desert plants type

Back 14

1. cactii - Anthophyta
2. milk bush ( Euphorbia trigona) - Anthophyta
3. cocoon plant ( senecio haworthii) - Anthophyta
4. african stone plants ( lithops sp.) Anthophyta

Front 15

2 primary functions of the skull

Back 15

1. protection of the brain and other sensory receptors
2. attachment sites for jaw muscles

Front 16

four basic types of teeth

Back 16

incisor, canine, premolar, molar

Front 17

the skull is comprised of 2 main parts which are

Back 17

cranium and mandible

Front 18

the cranium can be subdivided into the

Back 18

brain case and rostrum

Front 19

the brain case protects __ and is associated with the

Back 19

the brain / auditory bullew, foramen magnum, occipital condyles

Front 20

the auditory bullae are

Back 20

bony projections of the middle ear cavity in mammals, they house auditory bones necessary for hearing

Front 21

no xylem or phloem and use rhizoids for support in soil

Back 21

non- vascular plants

Front 22

what type of plants are included in non - vascular plants

Back 22

liverworts, hornworts, mossses, sphagnum spp.

Front 23

describe mosses

Back 23

over 12,000 species, most can dry out and become dormant for long periods, some have vascular like tissues

Front 24

describe sphagnum spp.

Back 24

most abundant species on Earth - create peat bogs ( slow decomposition, high acid, lots of carbon)

Front 25

most vascular plants use

Back 25

roots in soil

Front 26

two main categories of vascular plants

Back 26

1. seedless; spore bearing
2. seed bearing plants

Front 27

types of vascular plants with small leaves

Back 27

1. variable ( alternate) forked stems with distinct root and stem
2. dichotomous forked stem with no difference between root and stems, minute scales, no leaves

Front 28

describe the types of variable forked stems and given an example

Back 28

1. no silicon in stem with numerous leaves
- club mosses (Lycophyta) - 1,00 species, 2 - 40m tall, 1st plants with roots, each is male and female and some live entirely underground
2. silicon in ointed, finely - ribbed stems and scales
- Horsetails ( Spenophyta) - 15 species in one genus, live in O2 poor, waterlogged soils, hollow stems allow O2 transport to roots, high density of silica in tissues makes for good pot scrubbers, photosynthesis occurs in stems

Front 29

types of seedless; spore bearing vascular plant

Back 29

1. small leaves with single, central vein or scales
2. large leaves with complex venation

Front 30

describe and given an example of dichotomous forked stems

Back 30

1. whisk ferns (Psilophyta)
- 6 speicies in 2 genera, uses rhizomes and no roots, some are epiphytic, Psilotum spp - lacking both roots and leaves, most primitive of vascular plants

Front 31

give an example of a vascular plant with large leaves with complex venation

Back 31

Fern ( Pteridophyta)
- 12,000 species, some are epiphytic, large well developed leaves, oldest group of vascular plants, some grow up to 50 ft high, more called "tree ferns"

Front 32

2 major categories of seed-bearing plants

Back 32

1. seeds naked ( gymnosperms)
2. seeds contained in coverings ( seed coats) ( angiosperms)

Front 33

types of seeds naked (gymnosperms)

Back 33

1. motile sperm
2. non-motile sperm

Front 34

describe motile sperm

Back 34

1. leaves pinnate and large (palm like), plants bases often enlarged (caudex)
- Cycads ( Cycadophyta) - 140 species, similar to palms in appearance, woody, heterosporous, 200 male plants for every one female plant in the wild
2. leaves with dichotomously forked veins and medium to small size, fan shaped leaves
- Ginkgos ( ginkgophyta) - 1 species currently exist called the Maidenhair tree, originated in China, deciduous

Front 35

describe non - moitle spermm

Back 35

1. no vessel memebers in wood, resin canals present
-Conifers ( Coniferophyta) - 600 species, most widely distributed group of plants, flower, fruit and seed strucutre important in success.
- a dozen seeds can produce more new plant then a million spores
- seeds can remain viable for years, seed coat protects seed from desiccation
- include annuals, biennials, perennials
- fibrous root or tap root systems and diverse leaf types
- 2 main subtypes : 1) monocotyledons ( grass, palms) 2) dicotyledon ( roses, oaks, maples)

Front 36

bryophyta falls under

Back 36

non vascular plant ex. mosses

Front 37

lycophyta falls under

Back 37

vascular plant, seedless and spore bearing, small leaves with single central vein or scales, variable forked stems and root/stem distinct, no silicon in stem with numerous leaves
ex. club mosses

Front 38

Spenophyta falls under

Back 38

vascular plant, seedless and spore bearing, small leaves with single central vein or scales, variable forked stems and root/stem distinct, silicon in jointed, finely-ribbed stem withscales
ex. horsetails

Front 39

Psilophyta falls under

Back 39

vascular plant, seedless and spore bearing, small leaves with single central vein or scales, dichotomous forked stems with no difference between root and stem
ex. whisk fern

Front 40

Pteridophyta falls under

Back 40

vascular plant, seedless and spore bearing, large leaves with complex venation
ex. fern ( tree fern)

Front 41

cycadophyta falls under

Back 41

vascular plant, seed bearing plant, seed naked ( gymnosperms), motile sperm, leave pinnate and large ( palm like)
ex. cycads

Front 42

ginkgophyta

Back 42

vascular plant, seed bearing plant, seed naked ( gymnosperms), motile sperm, leaves dichotomously forked veins and medium to small size
ex. ginkgos

Front 43

coniferophyta

Back 43

vascular plant, seed bearing plant, seed naked ( gymnosperms), non -motile sperm, no vessel members in wood, resin canals present
ex. conifers

Front 44

Anthophyta

Back 44

vascular plant, seeds contained in coverings ( seed coats - angiosperms)
ex. flowering plants

Front 45

4 climate zones in the greenhouse

Back 45

cool temperate, desert, tropical, warm temperate (sub-tropical)

Front 46

sagital crest

Back 46

ride of the bone on the dorsal (top) surface margin of the skull, purpose is to provide jaw muscle attachment for stronger biting and gripping action of the jaw

Front 47

nuchal crest

Back 47

ridge on the posterior margin of the skull, that run perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the skull, purpose of the ridge is the provide muscle attachment sites for muscle that run into the neck and shoulders that control head movement

Front 48

describe canine teeth

Back 48

unicupsid( single point) with a single root, posterior to the incisor

Front 49

premolars vs. molars

Back 49

pre - multicupsid ( many points) tooth, posterior to the canine teeth and have deciduous predecessor ( baby teeth)
molars - multicupsid, postierior to the premolars, dont have deciduous predecessors and typically larger with more cusps

Front 50

succession of teeth

Back 50

incisors, canine, premolars, molars

Front 51

eye orientation typical of predators

Back 51

forward facing eyes

Front 52

eye orientation typical of herbivores

Back 52

eyes on the side of their heads to allow for a much larger field of view

Front 53

A FORAMEN MAGNUM With AN ABORAL ( away from mouth) orientation tells you

Back 53

an animals has a horizontal or prostrate positions

Front 54

a foramen magnum located more under neath indicates

Back 54

more upright posture

Front 55

omnivores tend to have what types of eye orientation

Back 55

more lateral, not as lateral as herbivores

Front 56

temperature of the 4 climate zones

Back 56

1. warm temperate = 55 - 65 in winter, up to 95 in summer
2. cool temperate = 50-60 in winter, up to 90 in summer
3. desert = 50-60 in winter, 110 in summer
4. tropical = 65-75 in winter, up to 90 in summer

Front 57

in a sign test, a critical value of s = 1 or s = 9 would lead us to

Back 57

reject our null hypothesis at the alpha level of .05

Front 58

chi - sqaure formula

Back 58

sum of( observed - expected squared) / expected

Front 59

decision rule of the chi- sqaured

Back 59

if your value is less then the critical value then we fail reject the null

if your value is more then the critical then you reject the null and support the alternative

Front 60

describe tropical environments

Back 60

- abundant sun, water and warmer temperatures
- favor plant diversity and a lush, multi-zoned, vertical canopy with year round growth

Front 61

what happens as a result of the rapid growth in tropical plants

Back 61

they become top heavy, requiring accessory growth of lateral prop roots at the base of the plant or lateral roots elsewhere along the stem to hold on to other vegetation for support

Front 62

in tropical environments, bacterial/fungal decomposition is accelerated by

Back 62

warm, humid conditions but the rapid decomposition produces thin ground cover that in combination with moist soil often forms poor substrate support for top-heavy plants

Front 63

in tropical environments lower, more heavily shaded zones are characterized by

Back 63

large, flat leaves but theses leaves collect water as well and then added weight to an already large leaf can be a burden in a down pour

Front 64

epiphytic plants dont have

Back 64

roots to tap the earth for water and nutrients

Front 65

the tree fern survives in the deep shade in mature forests by

Back 65

having the highest photosynthetic efficiency among plants

Front 66

because the tree fern leaves are so thin

Back 66

every photosynthesizing cell receives some light even in heavy shade and the large leaf size acts as a huge solar collector
- cuticle is either absent/ reduced to further enhance the entry of light to photosynthesizing cells

Front 67

what has the paper flow evolved in it structure because it is fast growning

Back 67

it has evolved thorns primarily to catch and hold onto other surfaces