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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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biology |
the study of life |
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inductive |
Using a generalization to describe something after many observations. Specific--> General. |
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deductive |
Hypothesis testing. If....then. General-->Specific. |
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taxonomy |
is the science of defining groups of biologicalorganisms on the basis of shared characteristics and giving names to those groups. |
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systematics |
the study of biological diversity and its origins |
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quantitative |
measured |
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qualitative |
observed |
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hypothesis |
a proposed explanation of an observable phenomenon |
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theory |
idea/explanation that has been tested extensively, and has still not produced evidence to reject it |
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law |
generalizes a body of observations. explains things but does not describe them. |
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atom |
basic unit of chemical element. composed of protons neutrons and electrons |
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isotope |
atoms of the same element that have different atomic mass numbers (+ or - neutrons) |
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ion |
charged atoms....cation +, anion- |
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reduction reaction |
gaining electrons |
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oxidation reaction |
losing electrons |
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Hydrophobic: |
the compound can not dissolve in water (fats, oils) |
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Hydrophillic |
the compound is able to dissolve in water (salt, sugar) |
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saturated |
fats founds in animals and a few plants. solid at room temp. Saturated in hydrogen. |
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unsaturated |
fare normally found in plants. Liquid at room temp. |
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acid |
if a substance releases protons in water |
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base |
if a substance releases hydroxide ions in water |
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pH |
the amount of H+ present in a solution |
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evolution |
decent with modification |
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fitness |
the organism that is best able to survive and reproduce in that environment |
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adaptation |
genetic or behavioral modifications that make an organism better suited for its environment |
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prokaryote |
one compartment, simple in structure. No nucleus, no organelles. |
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Eukaryote |
DNA in nucleus, complex structure, many organelles, have cytoskeleton. Many compartments, incompatible reactions can be separated, complex. |
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anabolic |
synthesis something (building up) |
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catabolic |
decomposition reactions (breaking something down) |
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enzyme |
molecules that catalyze reactions in living cells |
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diffusion |
the movement of molecules from high to low concentration |
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osmosive |
the passive transport of water across a membrane. water always travels to where there is more solute and less water. |
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solute |
the substance that dissolves to form a solution |
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solution |
a mixture of one or more solutes dissolved in a solvent |
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solvent |
the substance in which a solute dissolves |
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hyptertonic |
the solution has more solutes |
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hypotonic |
the solution has less solutes |
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isotonic |
the solution has the same number of solutes as the solution on the other side of the membrane |
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metabolism |
the sum of all biochemical reactions in a cell metabol- change |
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activation energy |
energy needed to get a reaction started |
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autotrophic |
able to produce their own organic molecules through photosynthesis |
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heterotrophic |
live on organic compounds produced by other organisms |
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ATP |
adenosine-tri-phosphate the main source of energy for cellular work (used for activation energy) |
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NADH |
Catabolic reactions, electron carrier? (NAD+ accepts 2 electrons and 1 proton to become NADH) |
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NADPH |
electron carrier in the light reactions (anabolic reactions) |
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phosphorylation (oxidative) |
Chemiosmosis. The protons accumulate and are passed back over the membrane through the ATP synthase protein. |
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anaerobic |
use of inorganic molecules (other than O2) as final electron acceptor. |
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aerobic |
ex: cellular respiration. Requires Oxygen. |
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rubisco |
the enzyme in plants that "fixes" CO2 from the air. Most abundant element in the world. Works both carbon and oxygen. |
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asexual |
not involving the fusion of gametes. occurs in all organisms. daughter cells are clones of mother cells. |
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sexual reproduction |
completed by the fusion of gametes (fertilization) to produce a diploid zygote |
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diploid |
plants and animals having two sets of DNA (chromosomes) |
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haploid |
having one set of chromosomes |
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gene |
genetic counterpart for the character
heritable unit that could be passed on to the offspring to determine their makeup |
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alleles |
variants of a gene |
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geneotype |
genetic makeup (alleles) ex: of a plant Aa, AA, aa |
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phenotype |
what you see (plant color) |
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homozygous |
same allele dominant (HH) recessive (hh) |
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heterozygous |
different allele Aa Hh |
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test cross |
When the genotype is unknown, cross with a known homozygous recessive |
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sex-linked |
are typically controlled by genes present on the x-chromosome |
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linked genes |
tend to be inherited together because they are found on the same chromosome |
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pedigree |
a family tree that describes the relationships of parents and children across generations. inheritance patterns of particular traits can be traced and described using pedigree |
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genetic diversity |
comes from mutations and sexual reproduction. natural populations contain this. need this for fitness. |
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biodiversity |
the variety within and among living species |
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restriction enzymes |
an enzyme produced chiefly by certain bacteria, having the property of cleaving DNA molecules at or near a specific sequence of bases. |
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gel electrophoresis |
In gel electrophoresis, the molecules to be separated are pushed by an electrical field through a gel that contains small pores. |
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population |
carrying capacity, 1/2 world living in poverty |
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malnutrition |
lacking one or more essential elements |
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keystone species |
species that one removed cause a cascade of ecosystem changes |
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carrying capacity |
the maximum number of individuals that can be supported indefinitely in a given environment |
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Kreb |
Step three of cellular respiration. Kreb cycle. (Citric acid cycle). |
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M. Calvin |
Calvin cycle. Nobel prize for work with c14. 3 stages of calvin cycle, carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration of RuBP |
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Mendel |
Mendelian Genetics. Worked with breeding peas. Heritable trait passed on to offspring. Mendel's laws. |
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Charles Darwin |
The Beagle Journey 1831. Developed the idea of evolution via natural selection. |
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T. Morgan |
Discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity. First evidence connecting a specific gene to a chromosome. |
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Watson & Crick |
Proposed structure of DNA. |
