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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Homeostasis |
The process by which cells and organisms maintain a constant balance |
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Cell respiration |
Occurs in all living organisms Breaking down Glucose to make ATP Occurs in the mitochrondria |
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Xylem vessels |
Transport water to leaves in the shoot system |
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Phloem vessels |
Transport sugars and nutrients throughout the plant |
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Cell Cycle |
Mitosis > G1 > S Phase > G2 |
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G1 Phase |
Cell prepares to copy DNA |
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S Phase |
Copying of DNA Chromosomes duplicated |
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G2 Phase |
Time between DNA Synthesis and mitosis Cell continues growing Needed proteins produced |
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M Phase |
Cell growth stopped Cells energy used to create 2 daughter cells |
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Cytokinesis |
Occurs after chromosomes separate Forms 2 identical daughter cells |
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DNA Replication |
Copied during S phase of cell cycle Half new DNA half old Helicase enzyme unwinds and separates the DNA DNA polymerase adds free nucleotides to the single DNA Strands 2 Identical strands created
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DNA Components |
Made of nucleotides Phosphate group Deoxyribose sugar Nitrogen base ATCG Packaged in chromosomes |
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Point Mutation |
Substitution - When one base pair is replaced ex/ CUU Changes to CUA |
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Frameshift Mutation |
Only one letter added or subtracted Insertion - Base pair is added Ex TACGCA changes to TACAGCA Deletion - Base pair is removed |
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Transcription |
Making RNA from DNA Occurs in nucleus Adenine- Uracil, Cytosine- Guanine Ex/ ATC changes to UAG |
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Types of RNA |
mRNA- messenger blueprint, made in nucleus, sets of 3 nitrogen bases called codons tRNA- transfer RNA, carries amino acids to the ribosomes, 3 nitrogen bases called anticodons rRNA - ribosomal, makes up ribosomes |
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Translation |
Process of building a protein by matching codons in mRNA to anticodons in tRNA Protein will continue to be created until the mRNA reaches a stop codon Amino acid chain called a protein |
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Classification levels from largest to smallest |
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Genus Species (King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup) |
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Punctuated Equilibrium |
Little or no change over a long period followed by a sudden change |
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Phenotype |
What the organism looks like (purple, white) |
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Genotype |
Gene combination (BB,Bb,bb) etc |
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Dihybrid Cross |
Cross of 2 traits Gametes will be combination of 2 alleles |
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Haploid |
cell has only 1 set of chromosomes |
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Evolutionary Mechanisms |
Genetic Drift - Change in gene pool caused by chance ex(flood kills off 95% of population) Gene Flow - Change in gene pool caused by organisms moving around Mutation - Change in gene pool caused by genetic mutations in gamete cells Recombination - Variation due to crossing over of gene during meiosis |
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Natural Selection and Population Change |
Stabilizing selection- extreme phenotypes at a disadvantage Directional selection - a particular phenotype has an advantage Disruptive selection - when extreme phenotypes have an advanta |
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Order used to find amino acids |
DNA triplet to mRNA codon (opposite bases of DNA triplet substituting u for t) to tRNA anti codon (opposite of mRNA codon again using u for t)
mRNA codon codes for amino acids |
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Interphase
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resting tage between divisions, DNA replicated
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Prophase
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Replicated chromosomes pair together
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Metaphase |
Chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell
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Anaphase
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Chromosomes move away from eachother to opposite sides of the cell
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Telophase
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The cell divides into 2 individual cells
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Hybrid
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created when 2 pure breads are crossed
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gene
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genetic info found on chromosomes
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allele
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different forms of a particular gene
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gamete |
reproductive cell: egg or sperm
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Female part of a flower |
pistil |
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Male part of a flower |
Stamen |
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Cuticle |
waxy covering of the leaf |
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mesophyll |
the middle layer of cells |
